(1) Increased intake
(2) Shift of K+ out of cells
--Insulin deficiency – DKA, hyperglycemia
--Muscle necrosis – rhabdomyolysis
--Hemolysis (red cell destruction)
(3) Failure of renal excretion of K+
--Low flow to CCD (↓ ECFV, very low GFR)
--Low aldosterone:
- Adrenal disease (rare)
- ACE inhibitors, angiotensin blockers (common)
- K‐sparing diuretics (common)
- Tubular dysfunction (advanced renal failure)