Regulatory authorities are generally found to be exercising public functions. For example, the decisions of the Advertising Standards Authority (R v Advertising Standards Authority Ltd, ex parte Insurance Services plc (1989) 9 Tr LR 169) and the Bar Council (R v Bar Council, ex parte Percival [1990] 3 All ER 137) have been reviewed by the courts. In both these cases, it was considered that, had there not been a self-regulatory authority in existence, Parliament would almost certainly have needed to intervene and regulate the activity in question.