The Court of Appeal, in the case of Ireland, suggested that 'violence' could include a threat of psychological as well as physical damage. This view was expressly rejected by Lord Hope in the House of Lords. It would appear that, where the apprehension is of immediate psychological harm, charges under other statutes, such as the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (study of which is outside the remit of this course), may be more suitable. It is, therefore, clear that, for an assault, the victim must apprehend physical violence.