Beginning from the affections themselves was in Cicero’s view the pedagogically and therapeutically most significant innovation of Chrysip- pus’ theory. (Cf. Origen, Against Celsus (Contra Celsum) 1.64; 8.51 (SVF 3.474).) This criticism of emotions can be applied in all philosophical schools, and it also solves a problem which had gone unnoticed by Zeno and Cleanthes. When they said that it is wrong to be sad about misfor- tunes, someone could point out that either Alcibiades who, due to Socra- tes’ showing him his vices, overcome with tears behaved wrongly or, if not, everyone lest the sage has good reasons to behave similarly (3.77).