Question
Etiology of Dystocia: The 4 P’s
1 . Power
• Contractions may be hypotonic or inco-ordinate
• Maternal expulsive efforts may be inadequate
2 . Passenger
• Fetal position
• Fetal attitude
• Fetal size
• Fetal anomalies (hydrocephalus)
3 . Passage
• Pelvic structure
• Soft tissue obstruction (tumors, full bladder/full rectum, vaginal septum)
4 . Psyche
• Anxiety
• [...]
• Pain
Question
Etiology of Dystocia: The 4 P’s
1 . Power
• Contractions may be hypotonic or inco-ordinate
• Maternal expulsive efforts may be inadequate
2 . Passenger
• Fetal position
• Fetal attitude
• Fetal size
• Fetal anomalies (hydrocephalus)
3 . Passage
• Pelvic structure
• Soft tissue obstruction (tumors, full bladder/full rectum, vaginal septum)
4 . Psyche
• Anxiety
• [...]
• Pain
Question
Etiology of Dystocia: The 4 P’s
1 . Power
• Contractions may be hypotonic or inco-ordinate
• Maternal expulsive efforts may be inadequate
2 . Passenger
• Fetal position
• Fetal attitude
• Fetal size
• Fetal anomalies (hydrocephalus)
3 . Passage
• Pelvic structure
• Soft tissue obstruction (tumors, full bladder/full rectum, vaginal septum)
4 . Psyche
• Anxiety
• [...]
• Pain
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• Fetal attitude
• Fetal size
• Fetal anomalies (hydrocephalus)
3 . Passage
• Pelvic structure
• Soft tissue obstruction (tumors, full bladder/full rectum, vaginal septum)
4 . Psyche
• Anxiety
• <span>Stress
• Pain<span><body><html> Summary
| status | not learned | | measured difficulty | 37% [default] | | last interval [days] | |
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| repetition number in this series | 0 | | memorised on | | | scheduled repetition | |
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| scheduled repetition interval | | | last repetition or drill | | | | |
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