Given a drug D and its primary target T (in this case, FAAH), all BAs in the Protein Data Bank (PDB;12 both monomer and oligomer), are compared with the ligand-binding site of T using software SMAP.13,14,15 If a BA has statistically significantly similar binding site to that of T, it may be the putative off-target of D. In addition, the electrostatic potentials of the binding sites of primary target and off-target are compared to further verify the putative binding promiscuity.
Known inhibitors of T and their decoys are extracted from ChEMBL,16 and docked into T, and its putative off-targets, respectively, using protein–ligand docking software Autodock Vina.17 The distributions of docking scores of inhibitors and decoys are analyzed to verify the prediction from step 1. Then, molecular dynamics simulation is performed to characterize the conformational dynamics of the putative off-target–ligand interactions.
The concepts of genes/proteins and diseases in from PubMed abstracts (up to July 2014) are mapped to a vector space using a deep learning technique, Word2Vec.18 Semantic relations between the putative off-target and diseases are determined using the cosine similarity between vectors.
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