Ectoderm is one of the three primary
germ cell layers in the very early
embryo. It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells. It differentiates to form the
nervous system and the
epidermis.
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Ectoderm
Organs derived from ectoderm.
Section through embryonic disk of Vespertilio murinus.
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<span>Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ cell layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (most proximal layer), with the ectoderm as the most exterior (or distal) layer.[1] It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells. The word ectoderm comes from the Greek ektos meaning "outside", and derma, meaning "skin."[2]
Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system (spine, peripheral nerves and brain),[3][4] tooth enamel and the epidermis (the outer part of integument). It also forms the lining of mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails.[4]
In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neural crest, and neural tube. The latter two are known as neuroectoderm.
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