courtiers generally found effective was change through engagement-and a measure of artifice. This principle of engaged resistance was captured in courtly advice manuals. In dealing with caliphs and sultans, if you are a courtier you must "teach them (tu'allimahum) as though they teach you, educate them (tu'addibahum) as though they educate you; if not, then stay as far away as possible!"'5 The aim was to blandish, coax, nudge, guilt, or even shame the ruler into action using verbal artifice to preserve the dignity of the offi
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logan - (no access) - Ali, Samer: Reinterpreting al-Buḥturī's Īwān Kisrā Ode, 2006.pdf, p50
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