Infectious esophagitis is typically caused byCandida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus. These infections typically occur in patients who are immunosuppressed owing to medications (such as glucocorticoids, azathioprine, or tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors) or congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. Use of swallowed aerosolized glucocorticoids may put an immunocompetent patient at risk for some of these infections. Candida infection is characterized by small, white, raised plaques on upper endoscopy, and esophageal brushings confirm the diagnosis.