Reading 9 Probability Concepts (Layout)
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Section 2 Sets out the basic tools of probability, including expected value and variance
Section 3 introduces covariance and correlation (measures of relatedness between random quantities) and the principles for calculating portfolio expected return and variance.
Two topics end the reading: Bayes’ formula and outcome counting.
Bayes’ formula is a procedure for updating beliefs based on new information.
The reading ends with a discussion of principles and shortcuts for counting. In several areas, including a widely used option-pricing model, the calculation of probabilities involves defining and counting outcomes.