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As shown in Figure 1a, a ZnO wire has its crystallographic c-direction pointing left and two gold electrodes on its two ends. As-synthesized ZnO wires usually have n-type conductivity with intrinsic defects and impurities as shallow donors [43], and it forms Schottky barriers with high work function metals, such as gold. Schottky barrier is a rectifying contact. It allows only electron transport from ZnO to gold and prevents the electron transport from gold to ZnO. Two back-to-back Schottky diodes result in very little current flow. In Figure 1b, the ZnO wire is under tensile stress, and positive polarization charges appear on the left end and negative charges on the right. Polarization charges will be partially compensated by internal and external free carriers, but may not completely diminish due to the moderate doping level and finite charge screening lengths of electrodes [44]. At steady state, remnant piezoelectric charges still exist at the two contacts, and the electrostatic field from those positive charges reduces the Schottky barrier height, while negative charges raise the Schottky barrier height. The asymmetric barrier change makes it easier for electrons to transport from left to right. Similarly, a compressive stress induces piezoelectric charges with opposite polarities, and allows electron flow from right to left.
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owner: Gulz - (no access) - Piezotronic Effect An Emerging Mechanism for sensing applications.pdf, p3


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