We use the term “ reinforcers ” rather than “ rewards ” throughout this chapter to recog- nize that the more common term reward is used in the behavioral management literature to refer to what managers think will have a positive impact, whereas a reinforcer is defi ned as a consequence that, indeed, increases the frequency of the behavior that preceded it (see Luthans and Kreitner, 1975 ; Luthans and Stajkovic, 1999 ).