INVESTIGATIONS ⦁ Antinuclear antibodies (positive in >95% cases): • Anticentromere autoantibodies (fewer than half of patients with limited disease) • Anti-topoisomerase (half of patients with diffuse disease) • Antinucleolar antibodies (fewer than half of patients with diffuse disease) ⦁ Electrocardiogram (ECG) – arrhythmias, conduction defects ⦁ Echocardiogram – to assess fibrosis, effusions ⦁ Thoracic high-resolution computed tomography – to assess pulmonary fibrosis ⦁ Pulmonary function tests ⦁ Biopsy and histological examination if diagnosis unclear
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