There is also growing enthusiasm for ‘organ-preserving’ surgical techniques in early T1 and even T2 cancers with good prognostic features. This usually involves full-thick- ness excision of the cancer using TEMS (Figure 73.18). Alternative ‘organ-preserving’ techniques involve the use of brachytherapy and contact radiotherapy, but these are cur- rently reserved for patients unfit for radical resection, or as a means of palliation.