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The concentration of cells in the chemostat at steady state is described by the equation: =− xY Ss() R (2.14) Where, x is the steady-state cell concentration in the chemostat. By combining Eqs. (2.13) and (2.14), then: µ =− − xYS KD D () R s max (2.15) Thus, the biomass concentration at steady state is determined by the operational variables, S R and D. If S R is increased, x will increase but s , the residual substrate concentration in the chemostat at the new steady state, will remain the same. If D is increased, µ will increase (µ = D) and the residual substrate at the new steady state would have increased to support the elevated growth rate; thus, less substrate will be available to be converted into biomass, resulting in a lower biomass steady state value.