unless we can have ends-in-view without experiencing them in concrete fact, no regulation of action is possible. The question might be put thus: How can we act without acting, without doing some- thing? If, by acontradiction in terms, it had been possible for men to think of this question before they had found how to answer it, it would have been given up as insoluble. How can man make an anticipatory projection of the outcome of an activity in such away as to direct the performance of an act which shall secure or avert that outcome? The solution must have been hit upon accidentally as aby-product, and then employed intentionally. It is natural to suppose that it came as aproduct of social life by way of communication ;say, of cries that having once directed activities usefully without in- tent were afterwards used expressly for that purpose. But whatever the origin, asolution was found when symbols came into existence. By means of symbols, whether gestures, words or more elaborate constructions, we act without acting. That is, we perform experiments by means of symbols which have results which are themselves only symbolized, and which do not therefore commit us to actual or existential consequences. If aman starts afire or insults arival, effects follow jthe die is cast. But if he rehearses the act in symbols in privacy, he can anticipate and appreciate its result. Then he can act or not act overtly on the basis of what is anticipated and is not there in fact. The invention or discovery of symbols is doubtless by far the single greatest event in the history of man. Without them, no intellectual advance is possible jwith them, there is no limit set to intellectual development except inherent stupidity.