known objects exist as the consequences of directed operations, not because of conformity of thought or observation with something antecedent. We may, for reasons which Ihope will appear later, give the name intelligence to these directed operations. Using this term, we may say that the worth of any object that lays claim to being an object of knowledge is dependent upon the intelligence employed in reaching it. In saying this, we must bear in mind that intelligence means operations actually performed in the modification of condi- tions, including all the guidance that is given by means of ideas, both direct and symbolic.