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Flashcard 1735803669772

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#logic

Question

A History of Formal Logic (1961) is written by the distinguished [...]

Answer

J M Bocheński

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According to A History of Formal Logic (1961) by the distinguished J M Bocheński, the golden periods for logic were the ancient Greek period, the medieval scholastic period, and the mathematical period of the 19th and 20th centuries.

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The rise and fall and rise of logic | Aeon Essays
the hands of thinkers such as George Boole, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Alfred Tarski and Kurt Gödel, it’s clear that Kant was dead wrong. But he was also wrong in thinking that there had been no progress since Aristotle up to his time. According to A History of Formal Logic (1961) by the distinguished J M Bocheński, the golden periods for logic were the ancient Greek period, the medieval scholastic period, and the mathematical period of the 19th and 20th centuries. (Throughout this piece, the focus is on the logical traditions that emerged against the background of ancient Greek logic. So Indian and Chinese logic are not included, but medieval Ara

Flashcard 1738022194444

Tags

#bayesian-ml #has-images #prml

Question

The marginal distribution for The initial latent node \( z_1 \) is [...]

[unknown IMAGE 1738019573004]

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Flashcard 1739069984012

Tags

#d-separation

Question

The only twist on this simple idea of "connecting path" is that we are dealing with a system of directed arrows in which some vertices correspond to [...], whose values are known precisely.

Answer

measured variables

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or "separation". The only twist on this simple idea is to define what we mean by "connecting path", given that we are dealing with a system of directed arrows in which some vertices (those residing in Z) correspond to measured variables, whose values are known precisely. To account for the orientations of the arrows we use the terms "d-separated" and "d-connected" (d connotes "directional"

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Unknown title
d-SEPARATION WITHOUT TEARS (At the request of many readers) Introduction d-separation is a criterion for deciding, from a given a causal graph, whether a set X of variables is independent of another set Y, given a third set Z. The idea is to associate "dependence" with "connectedness" (i.e., the existence of a connecting path) and "independence" with "unconnected-ness" or "separation". The only twist on this simple idea is to define what we mean by "connecting path", given that we are dealing with a system of directed arrows in which some vertices (those residing in Z) correspond to measured variables, whose values are known precisely. To account for the orientations of the arrows we use the terms "d-separated" and "d-connected" (d connotes "directional"). We start by considering separation between two singleton variables, x and y; the extension to sets of variables is straightforward (i.e., two sets are separated if and only if each el

Annotation 1758412803340

know what the very best possible deal is? It’s leaving some meat in the current deal for the broker, so that he gives you the next great deal that comes along.

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Annotation 1758414376204

Do What You Say You Will Do

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Annotation 1758415949068

Did you say that you’d make an offer on the property by the end of the day? Then do it. If you don’t, the seller or broker will wonder if you’re interested in the deal.

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Annotation 1758417784076

f you get in their mind in the first place, make sure you turn that space into positive thoughts. When you do this, you’ll get the rare reputation of a performer

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Annotation 1758419356940

Don’t Be a Pain in the Butt

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Annotation 1758420929804

get the very best deal possible. But after the negotiation phase is over and you’ve shaken hands, do the deal.

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Annotation 1758422502668

you should renegotiate when a major unknown problem comes up during the property inspection. These items include bad roofs, boiler problems, erosion problems, and so on. They will cost some serious money to fix.

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Annotation 1758466805004

#topology

Being so general, topological spaces are a central unifying notion and appear in virtually every branch of modern mathematics.

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Topological space - Wikipedia
tical space that allows for the definition of concepts such as continuity, connectedness, and convergence. [1] Other spaces, such as manifolds and metric spaces, are specializations of topological spaces with extra structures or constraints. Being so general, topological spaces are a central unifying notion and appear in virtually every branch of modern mathematics. The branch of mathematics that studies topological spaces in their own right is called point-set topology or general topology. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Definition 2.1 De

Flashcard 1758469688588

Tags

#topology

Question

Being so general, [...] are a central unifying notion and appear in virtually every branch of modern mathematics.

Answer

topological spaces

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Being so general, topological spaces are a central unifying notion and appear in virtually every branch of modern mathematics.

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Annotation 1758472572172

#topology

In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological manifold is a topological space (which may also be a separated space) which locally resembles real n-dimensional space in a sense defined below.

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Topological manifold - Wikipedia
Topological manifold - Wikipedia Topological manifold From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological manifold is a topological space (which may also be a separated space) which locally resembles real n-dimensional space in a sense defined below. Topological manifolds form an important class of topological spaces with applications throughout mathematics. A manifold can mean a topological manifold, or more frequently, a topolog

Flashcard 1758474931468

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#topology

Question

a [...] is a topological space which locally resembles real n-dimensional space in some sense

Answer

topological manifold

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In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological manifold is a topological space (which may also be a separated space) which locally resembles real n-dimensional space in a sense defined below.

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Annotation 1758480436492

#function-space

In topological spaces, a function f is a function is defined on the sets X and Y, but the continuity of f depends on the topologies used on X and Y.

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Continuous function - Wikipedia
∈ X | f ( x ) ∈ V } {\displaystyle f^{-1}(V)=\{x\in X\;|\;f(x)\in V\}} is an open subset of X. That is, f is a function between the sets X and Y (not on the elements of the topology T X ), but the continuity of f depends on the topologies used on X and Y. This is equivalent to the condition that the preimages of the closed sets (which are the complements of the open subsets) in Y are closed in X. An extreme example: if a set X is giv

Annotation 1758482533644

#function-space

A function between two topological spaces X and Y is continuous if for every open set V ⊆ Y, the inverse image is an open subset of X.

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Continuous function - Wikipedia
intersections that generalize the properties of the open balls in metric spaces while still allowing to talk about the neighbourhoods of a given point. The elements of a topology are called open subsets of X (with respect to the topology). A function f : X → Y {\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y} between two topological spaces X and Y is continuous if for every open set V ⊆ Y, the inverse image f − 1 ( V ) = { x ∈ X | f ( x ) ∈ V } {\displaystyle f^{-1}(V)=\{x\in X\;|\;f(x)\in V\}} is an open subset of X. That is, f is a function between the sets X and Y (not on the elements of the topology T X ), but the continuity of f depends on the topologies used on X and Y. This is equivalent to

Flashcard 1758485417228

Tags

#function-space

Question

A function between two topological spaces X and Y is continuous if for every open set V ⊆ Y, [...].

Answer

the inverse image is an open subset of X

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A function between two topological spaces X and Y is continuous if for every open set V ⊆ Y, the inverse image is an open subset of X.

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Flashcard 1758488825100

Tags

#function-space

Question

In topological spaces, a function f is defined on [...] , but the continuity of f depends on [...]

Answer

the sets X and Y, the topologies used on X and Y.

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In topological spaces, a function f is a function is defined on the sets X and Y, but the continuity of f depends on the topologies used on X and Y.

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Annotation 1758491184396

#topology

A topological space is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a collection of subsets of X, satisfying the following axioms:^[7]

The empty set and X itself belong to τ.
Any (finite or infinite) union of members of τ still belongs to τ.
The intersection of any finite number of members of τ still belongs to τ.

The elements of τ are called open sets and the collection τ is called a topology on X.

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Topological space - Wikipedia
three-point set {1,2,3}. The bottom-left example is not a topology because the union of {2} and {3} [i.e. {2,3}] is missing; the bottom-right example is not a topology because the intersection of {1,2} and {2,3} [i.e. {2}], is missing. A topological space is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a collection of subsets of X, satisfying the following axioms: [7] The empty set and X itself belong to τ. Any (finite or infinite) union of members of τ still belongs to τ. The intersection of any finite number of members of τ still belongs to τ. The elements of τ are called open sets and the collection τ is called a topology on X. Examples[edit source] Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, the collection τ = {{}, {1, 2, 3, 4}} of only the two subsets of X required by the axioms forms a topology of X, the trivial topology (

Annotation 1758493281548

#topology

A topological space is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a topology of X

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A topological space is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a collection of subsets of X, satisfying the following axioms: [7] The empty set and X itself belong to τ. Any (finite or infinite) union of members of τ still belongs to τ. The intersection of any finite number of members of τ still belongs to τ.

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Flashcard 1758495640844

Tags

#topology

Question

A [...] is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a topology of X

Answer

topological space

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A topological space is an ordered pair (X, τ), where X is a set and τ is a topology of X

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Flashcard 1758497213708

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#topology

Question

The elements of [...] are called open sets

Answer

A topology

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ion of subsets of X, satisfying the following axioms: [7] The empty set and X itself belong to τ. Any (finite or infinite) union of members of τ still belongs to τ. The intersection of any finite number of members of τ still belongs to τ. The elements of τ are called open sets and the collection τ is called a topology on X. <body><html>

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Flashcard 1758499835148

Tags

#topology

Question

A [...] is a collection of subsets of X satisfying certain axioms (inclusion, infinite union, finit intersection).

Answer

topology

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Annotation 1758504291596

#topological-space

A topological space X is said to be disconnected if it is the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets.

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Connected space - Wikipedia
ected spaces 2 Examples 3 Path connectedness 4 Arc connectedness 5 Local connectedness 6 Set operations 7 Theorems 8 Graphs 9 Stronger forms of connectedness 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Formal definition[edit source] A topological space X is said to be disconnected if it is the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets. Otherwise, X is said to be connected. A subset of a topological space is said to be connected if it is connected under its subspace topology. Some authors exclude the empty set (with it

Flashcard 1758506913036

Tags

#topological-space

Question

A topological space X is said to be [...] if it is the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets.

Answer

disconnected

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A topological space X is said to be disconnected if it is the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets.

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Annotation 1758512942348

A point x of the topological space (X, τ) is the limit of the sequence (x_n) if, for every neighbourhood U of x, there is an N such that, for every

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Limit of a sequence - Wikipedia
tyle \epsilon } less than half this distance, sequence terms cannot be within a distance ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } of both points. Topological spaces[edit source] Definition[edit source] A point x of the topological space (X, τ) is the limit of the sequence (x n ) if, for every neighbourhood U of x, there is an N such that, for every n ≥ N {\displaystyle n\geq N} , x n ∈ U {\displaystyle x_{n}\in U} . This coincides with the definition given for metric spaces if (X,d) is a metric space and τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the topology generated b

Flashcard 1758515825932

Question

A point x of the topological space (X, τ) is the limit of the sequence (x_n) if, for every neighbourhood U of x, [...]

Answer

there is an N such that, for every

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A point x of the topological space (X, τ) is the limit of the sequence (x n ) if, for every neighbourhood U of x, there is an N such that, for every , .

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Flashcard 1758518185228

Tags

#topology

Question

continuous deformations includes [...] , but not tearing or gluing.

Answer

streching, crumpling and bending

Mind the scrub!

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In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.

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Topology - Wikipedia
ogy (disambiguation). For a topology of a topos or category, see Lawvere–Tierney topology and Grothendieck topology. [imagelink] Möbius strips, which have only one surface and one edge, are a kind of object studied in topology. In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing. This can be studied by considering a collection of subsets, called open sets, that satisfy certain properties, turning the given set into what is known as a topological space. Important

Annotation 1758527884556

#measure-theory

Any countable set of real numbers has Lebesgue measure 0.

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Lebesgue measure - Wikipedia
c, d] is Lebesgue measurable, and its Lebesgue measure is (b − a)(d − c), the area of the corresponding rectangle. Moreover, every Borel set is Lebesgue measurable. However, there are Lebesgue measurable sets which are not Borel sets. [3] [4] Any countable set of real numbers has Lebesgue measure 0. In particular, the Lebesgue measure of the set of rational numbers is 0, although the set is dense in R. The Cantor set is an example of an uncountable set that has Lebesgue measure zer

Annotation 1758529981708

#measure-theory

The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

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Lebesgue measure - Wikipedia
, because E {\displaystyle E} is a subset of the union of the intervals, and so the intervals may include points which are not in E {\displaystyle E} . The Lebesgue outer measure emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets. Intuitively, it is the total length of those interval sets which fit E {\displaystyle E} most tightly and do not overlap. That characterize

Flashcard 1758533389580

Tags

#measure-theory

Question

The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E emerges as [...] of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

Answer

the greatest lower bound (infimum)

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The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

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Flashcard 1758534962444

Tags

#measure-theory

Question

The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E is the greatest lower bound of the lengths from among all possible such sets that [...]

Answer

unions of open intervals that include E

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The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

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Flashcard 1758536535308

Tags

#measure-theory

Question

[...] of a set E emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

Answer

The Lebesgue outer measure

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The Lebesgue outer measure of a set E emerges as the greatest lower bound (infimum) of the lengths from among all possible such sets (unions of open intervals that include E).

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Flashcard 1758538108172

Tags

#measure-theory

Question

Any [...] set of real numbers has Lebesgue measure 0.

Answer

countable

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Any countable set of real numbers has Lebesgue measure 0.

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Flashcard 1758539681036

Tags

#measure-theory

Question

As a set the rational number is [...but...] .

Answer

infinite but countable

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Annotation 1758542826764

[unknown IMAGE 1758545186060]

#has-images #sets

In mathematics, the infimum of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S, if such an element exists.

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Infimum and supremum - Wikipedia
ed sets the infimum and the minimum are equal. [imagelink] A set A of real numbers (blue balls), a set of upper bounds of A (red diamond and balls), and the smallest such upper bound, that is, the supremum of A (red diamond). In mathematics, the infimum (abbreviated inf; plural infima) of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S, if such an element exists. Consequently, the term greatest lower bound (abbreviated as GLB) is also commonly used. The supremum (abbreviated sup; plural suprema) of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is th

Flashcard 1758547283212

Tags

#has-images #sets

[unknown IMAGE 1758545186060]

Question

the infimum of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is [...], if such an element exists.

Answer

the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S

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In mathematics, the infimum of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S, if such an element exists.

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Flashcard 1758548856076

Tags

#has-images #sets

[unknown IMAGE 1758545186060]

Question

[...] is the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S, if such an element exists.

Answer

the infimum of a subset S of a partially ordered set T

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In mathematics, the infimum of a subset S of a partially ordered set T is the greatest element in T that is less than or equal to all elements of S, if such an element exists.

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Annotation 1758554361100

More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints.

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Linear programming - Wikipedia
hieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (mathematical optimization). More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Its feasible region is a convex polytope, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, each of which is defined by a linear inequality. Its objective functio

Flashcard 1758556458252

Tags

#has-images

Question

More formally, [...] is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints.

[unknown IMAGE 1758558293260]

Answer

linear programming

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More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints.

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Annotation 1758561701132

In geometry and topology, crumpling is the process whereby a sheet of paper or other two-dimensional manifold undergoes disordered deformation to yield a three-dimensional structure comprising a random network of ridges and facets with variable density.

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Crumpling - Wikipedia
ikipedia Crumpling From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Crumpled" redirects here. For the deformation feature, see Crumple zone. In geometry and topology, crumpling is the process whereby a sheet of paper or other two-dimensional manifold undergoes disordered deformation to yield a three-dimensional structure comprising a random network of ridges and facets with variable density. The geometry of crumpled structures is the subject of some interest the mathematical community within the discipline of topology. [1] Crumpled paper balls have been studied and found t

Flashcard 1758563798284

Tags

#topology

Question

[...] is the process whereby a two-dimensional manifold undergoes disordered deformation to yield a three-dimensional structure.

Answer

crumpling

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In geometry and topology, crumpling is the process whereby a sheet of paper or other two-dimensional manifold undergoes disordered deformation to yield a three-dimensional structure comprising a random network of ridges a

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Annotation 1758566681868

#calculus-of-variations

the coefficient of arbitrarily small function δf in the first order term is called the functional derivative

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Functional derivative - Wikipedia
integral of functions, their arguments, and their derivatives. In an integral L of a functional, if a function f is varied by adding to it another function δf that is arbitrarily small, and the resulting integrand is expanded in powers of δf, the coefficient of δf in the first order term is called the functional derivative. For example, consider the functional J [ f ] = ∫ a

Flashcard 1758569565452

Tags

#calculus-of-variations

Question

the coefficient of arbitrarily small function δf in the first order term is called the [...]

Answer

functional derivative

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the coefficient of arbitrarily small function δf in the first order term is called the functional derivative

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Annotation 1758574808332

brokers despise retraders

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Annotation 1758576643340

The multi-family world becomes small once you get involved

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Annotation 1758578216204

When you retrade, you put the broker’s commission in jeopardy.

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Annotation 1758579789068

When I look at a town, I use the other end of the binoculars. I see amazing detail in the world around me. Everything is crisp and clear. And I notice things most people just pass by.

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Annotation 1758581361932

Real Estate Brokers: Your Walking Gold Mines

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Annotation 1758582934796

Brokers dominate the real estate market, because few sellers know of other ways to get rid of their properties.

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Annotation 1758584507660

It will cost you no money to pick up the phone, call a broker, and start to establish a relationship.

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Annotation 1758586080524

People with valuable assets to dispense will not do business with you unless they like you first and trust you second. Brokers are no different.

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Annotation 1758587653388

Because they need qualified buyers to sell their listings, if you be- come qualified, they will like you.

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Annotation 1758591061260

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[赛雷话车]汽车喷火是为了加速？原来我们都被游戏骗了！

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Annotation 1758619897100

#has-images

[赛雷话车]汽车喷火是为了加速？原来我们都被游戏骗了！

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Annotation 1758678355212

Cox's theorem, named after the physicist Richard Threlkeld Cox, is a derivation of the laws of probability theory from a certain set of postulates. This derivation justifies the so-called "logical" interpretation of probability, as the laws of probability derived by Cox's theorem are applicable to any proposition.

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Cox's theorem - Wikipedia
>Cox's theorem - Wikipedia Cox's theorem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Probability theory as extended logic) Jump to: navigation, search Cox's theorem, named after the physicist Richard Threlkeld Cox, is a derivation of the laws of probability theory from a certain set of postulates. This derivation justifies the so-called "logical" interpretation of probability, as the laws of probability derived by Cox's theorem are applicable to any proposition. Logical (a.k.a. objective Bayesian) probability is a type of Bayesian probability. Other forms of Bayesianism, such as the subjective interpretation, are given other justifications.

Annotation 1758689627404

#syntax

short open tag <? (which is discouraged since it is only available if enabled using the short_open_tag php.ini

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PHP: PHP tags - Manual

Annotation 1758691200268

#syntax

or if PHP was configured with the --enable-short-tags option).

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PHP: PHP tags - Manual

Annotation 1758692773132

#syntax

If a file is pure PHP code, it is preferable to omit the PHP closing tag

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PHP: PHP tags - Manual

Annotation 1758694345996

#syntax

This prevents accidental whitespace or new lines being added after the PHP closing tag

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PHP: PHP tags - Manual

Annotation 1758695918860

#syntax

opening tag is "<?php[whitespace]", not just "<?php"

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PHP: PHP tags - Manual

Annotation 1758699588876

Everything outside of a pair of opening and closing tags is ignored by the PHP parser which allows PHP files to have mixed content.

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual
ge language: English Brazilian Portuguese Chinese (Simplified) French German Japanese Romanian Russian Spanish Turkish Other Edit Report a Bug Escaping from HTML ¶ Everything outside of a pair of opening and closing tags is ignored by the PHP parser which allows PHP files to have mixed content. This allows PHP to be embedded in HTML documents, for example to create templates.

This is going to be ignored by PHP and displayed by the browser.<

Article 1758712171788

php.net

manual voor php

Flashcard 1758713482508

Question

ecause when the PHP interpreter hits the ?> closing tags, it simply starts outputting whatever it finds (except for an immediately following newline

Answer

hen the PHP interpreter

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual
example to create templates.

This is going to be ignored by PHP and displayed by the browser.

This will also be ignored by PHP and displayed by the browser.

This works as expected, because when the PHP interpreter hits the ?> closing tags, it simply starts outputting whatever it finds (except for an immediately following newline - see instruction separation) until it hits another opening tag unless in the middle of a conditional statement in which case the interpreter will determine the outcome of t

Annotation 1758716890380

For outputting large blocks of text, dropping out of PHP parsing mode is generally more efficient than sending all of the text through echo or print .

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual
he condition is not met, even though they are outside of the PHP open/close tags; PHP skips them according to the condition since the PHP interpreter will jump over blocks contained within a condition that is not met. For outputting large blocks of text, dropping out of PHP parsing mode is generally more efficient than sending all of the text through echo or print. In PHP 5, there are up to five different pairs of opening and closing tags available in PHP, depending on how PHP is configured. Two of these, and <

Annotation 1758717938956

In PHP 5, there are up to five different pairs of opening and closing tags available in PHP

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual
blocks contained within a condition that is not met. For outputting large blocks of text, dropping out of PHP parsing mode is generally more efficient than sending all of the text through echo or print. In PHP 5, there are up to five different pairs of opening and closing tags available in PHP, depending on how PHP is configured. Two of these, and , are always available. There is also the short echo tag , w

Annotation 1758718987532

short echo tag <?= ?>, which is always available in PHP 5.4.0 and later.

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual

Flashcard 1758736026892

Question

short echo tag <?= ?>, which is always available in PHP [...] and later.

Answer

5.4.0

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Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
short echo tag , which is always available in PHP 5.4.0 and later.

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual

Flashcard 1758737599756

Question

short echo tag [...], which is always available in PHP 5.4.0 and later.

Answer

<?= ?>

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it

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PHP: Escaping from HTML - Manual

Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 18-Feb-2018 (Sun)

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[赛雷话车]汽车喷火是为了加速？原来我们都被游戏骗了！

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[赛雷话车]汽车喷火是为了加速？原来我们都被游戏骗了！

Parent (intermediate) annotation

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