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Annotation 1729724550412

#quantecon

OOP is about producing well organized code — an important determinant of productivity
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Object Oriented Programming – Quantitative Economics
ramming, and nicely supported in Python OOP has become an important concept in modern software engineering because It can help facilitate clean, efficient code (if used well) The OOP design pattern fits well with many computing problems <span>OOP is about producing well organized code — an important determinant of productivity Moreover, OOP is a part of Python, and to progress further it’s necessary to understand the basics About OOP¶ OOP is supported in many languages: JAVA and Ruby are relativel



Flashcard 1731011939596

Tags
#quantecon
Question

OOP is about producing [...] — an important determinant of productivity

Answer
well organized code

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OOP is about producing well organized code — an important determinant of productivity

Original toplevel document

Object Oriented Programming – Quantitative Economics
ramming, and nicely supported in Python OOP has become an important concept in modern software engineering because It can help facilitate clean, efficient code (if used well) The OOP design pattern fits well with many computing problems <span>OOP is about producing well organized code — an important determinant of productivity Moreover, OOP is a part of Python, and to progress further it’s necessary to understand the basics About OOP¶ OOP is supported in many languages: JAVA and Ruby are relativel






Flashcard 1752719035660

Tags
#banach-space
Question
A [...] has a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors
Answer
normed space

An inner product space defines an inner product, which produces a metric; so inner product space is a normed space. But a norm doesn't have to be defined by an inner product. So here the right answer is a normed space.

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A normed space has a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors

Original toplevel document

Banach space - Wikipedia
Banach space - Wikipedia Banach space From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space (pronounced [ˈbanax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence of vectors always converges to a well defined limit that is within the space. Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly. [1]






Flashcard 2961980394764

Tags
#best-practice #pystan
Question

The second phase of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo resample the auxiliary momenta to allow the next trajectory to [...] .

Answer
explore another slice of the target parameter space

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Hamiltonian Monte Carlo proceeds in two phases -- the algorithm first simulates a Hamiltonian trajectory that rapidly explores a slice of the target parameter space before resampling the auxiliary momenta to allow the next trajectory to explore another slice of the target parameter space. Unfortunately, the jumps between these slices induced by the momenta resamplings can be short, which

Original toplevel document

pystan_workflow
.sampling(data=data, seed=194838, control=dict(max_treedepth=15)) and then check if still saturated this larger threshold with stan_utility.check_treedepth(fit, 15) Checking the E-BFMI¶ <span>Hamiltonian Monte Carlo proceeds in two phases -- the algorithm first simulates a Hamiltonian trajectory that rapidly explores a slice of the target parameter space before resampling the auxiliary momenta to allow the next trajectory to explore another slice of the target parameter space. Unfortunately, the jumps between these slices induced by the momenta resamplings can be short, which often leads to slow exploration. We can identify this problem by consulting the energy Bayesian Fraction of Missing Information, In [18]: stan_utility.check_energy(fit) Chain 2: E-BFMI = 0.177681346951 E-BFMI below 0.2 indicates you may need to reparameterize your mod






Flashcard 2965737180428

Tags
#has-images #mapping
Question
a bijective function is a [...] mapping of a set X to a set Y.
[unknown IMAGE 2965735083276]
Answer

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a bijective function a one-to-one and onto (surjective) mapping of a set X to a set Y.

Original toplevel document

Bijection - Wikipedia
nction between the elements of two sets, where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the other set, and each element of the other set is paired with exactly one element of the first set. There are no unpaired elements. <span>In mathematical terms, a bijective function f: X → Y is a one-to-one (injective) and onto (surjective) mapping of a set X to a set Y. A bijection from the set X to the set Y has an inverse function from Y to X. If X and Y are finite sets, then the existence of a bijection means they have the same number of elements.






Annotation 2971447201036

#oop

n the OOP paradigm

  • data and functions are “bundled together” into “objects”
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OOP I: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming – Quantitative Economics
an, C, MATLAB, etc.) is called procedural It works as follows The program has a state corresponding to the values of its variables Functions are called to act on these data Data are passed back and forth via function calls In contrast, i<span>n the OOP paradigm data and functions are “bundled together” into “objects” (Functions in this context are referred to as methods ) Python and OOP¶ Python is pragmatic language that blends object oriented and procedural styles, rather than taking a pur



Annotation 2971448773900

#oop
in Python, everything is an object
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OOP I: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming – Quantitative Economics
eferred to as methods ) Python and OOP¶ Python is pragmatic language that blends object oriented and procedural styles, rather than taking a purist approach However, at a foundational level, Python is object oriented In particular, <span>in Python, everything is an object In this lecture we explain what that statement means and why it matters Objects¶ In Python, an object is a collection of data and instructions held in computer memory that c



Flashcard 2971450346764

Tags
#oop
Question

In Python, an object is a collection of data and instructions held in computer memory that consists of [1...2...3...4...]

Answer
type, identity, data, methods

tidy mommy

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OOP I: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming – Quantitative Economics
ather than taking a purist approach However, at a foundational level, Python is object oriented In particular, in Python, everything is an object In this lecture we explain what that statement means and why it matters Objects¶ <span>In Python, an object is a collection of data and instructions held in computer memory that consists of a type a unique identity data (i.e., content) methods These concepts are defined and discussed sequentially below Type¶ Python provides for different types of objects, to accommodate different categories of data For example s =






Annotation 2971454016780

#zen-of-python
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
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PEP 20 (The Zen of Python) by example · GitHub
ravallo said to me.'" - Carlo Emilio Gadda, *That Awful Mess on the Via Merulana* """ ################################# text ################################# """ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters <span>Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! """ ################################### 1 ################################## """ Give me a function that takes a list of numbers and returns only the e



Flashcard 2971456376076

Tags
#zen-of-python
Question
[...]
Explicit is better than implicit.
Answer
Beautiful is better than ugly.

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Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense.&#1

Original toplevel document

PEP 20 (The Zen of Python) by example · GitHub
ravallo said to me.'" - Carlo Emilio Gadda, *That Awful Mess on the Via Merulana* """ ################################# text ################################# """ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters <span>Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! """ ################################### 1 ################################## """ Give me a function that takes a list of numbers and returns only the e






Flashcard 2971457948940

Tags
#zen-of-python
Question
Beautiful is better than ugly.
[...]
Simple is better than complex.
Answer
Explicit is better than implicit.

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Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cas

Original toplevel document

PEP 20 (The Zen of Python) by example · GitHub
ravallo said to me.'" - Carlo Emilio Gadda, *That Awful Mess on the Via Merulana* """ ################################# text ################################# """ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters <span>Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! """ ################################### 1 ################################## """ Give me a function that takes a list of numbers and returns only the e






Flashcard 2971460308236

Tags
#zen-of-python
Question
Explicit is better than implicit.
[...]
Complex is better than complicated.
Answer
Simple is better than complex.

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Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break th

Original toplevel document

PEP 20 (The Zen of Python) by example · GitHub
ravallo said to me.'" - Carlo Emilio Gadda, *That Awful Mess on the Via Merulana* """ ################################# text ################################# """ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters <span>Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! """ ################################### 1 ################################## """ Give me a function that takes a list of numbers and returns only the e






Flashcard 2971462667532

Tags
#zen-of-python
Question

Simple is better than complex.
[...]
Flat is better than nested.
Answer
Complex is better than complicated.

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Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats

Original toplevel document

PEP 20 (The Zen of Python) by example · GitHub
ravallo said to me.'" - Carlo Emilio Gadda, *That Awful Mess on the Via Merulana* """ ################################# text ################################# """ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters <span>Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! """ ################################### 1 ################################## """ Give me a function that takes a list of numbers and returns only the e






Flashcard 2971470531852

Tags
#quantecon
Question

Joblib is a popular Python library for [...]

Answer
caching and parallelization

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Other Scientific Libraries – Quantitative Economics
cult it is to beat the speed improvements provided by Numba Nonetheless, Cython is a very mature, stable and widely used tool Cython can be more useful than Numba when working with larger, more sophisticated applications Joblib¶ <span>Joblib is a popular Python library for caching and parallelization To install it, start Jupyter and type !pip install joblib from within a notebook Here we review just the basics Caching¶ Perhaps, like us, you sometimes run a long comp






Annotation 2971473677580

#oop #quantecon

If you want to provide a return value for the len function when applied to your user-defined object, use the __len__ special method


         

	  

    		
  


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OOP II: Building Classes – Quantitative Economics
¶ 
 Python provides special methods with which some neat tricks can be performed 
 For example, recall that lists and tuples have a notion of length, and that this length can be queried via the  len  function 
 x = (10, 20)
len(x)
 
 
 2
 
 
 <span>If you want to provide a return value for the  len  function when applied to
your user-defined object, use the  __len__  special method 
 class Foo:

    def __len__(self):
        return 42
 
 
 Now we get 
 f = Foo()
len(f)
 
 
 42
 
 
 A special method we will use regularly is the  __call__  method 
 This method can 



Annotation 2971475250444

  

    
                 
      
      
         #oop #quantecon
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          
A special method we will use regularly is the  __call__  method


This method can be used to make your instances callable, just like functions

         

	  

    		
  


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OOP II: Building Classes – Quantitative Economics

 
 If you want to provide a return value for the  len  function when applied to
your user-defined object, use the  __len__  special method 
 class Foo:

    def __len__(self):
        return 42
 
 
 Now we get 
 f = Foo()
len(f)
 
 
 42
 
 
 <span>A special method we will use regularly is the  __call__  method 
 This method can be used to make your instances callable, just like functions 
 class Foo:

    def __call__(self, x):
        return x + 42
 
 
 After running we get 
 f = Foo()
f(8)  # Exactly equivalent to f.__call__(8)
 
 
 50
 
 
 Exercise 1 provides a more 



Flashcard 2971476823308

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#oop #quantecon

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
 the  [...]  method makes your instances callable, just like functions

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		__call__ 
	    

	

    




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A special method we will use regularly is the   __call__   method 
 This method can be used to make your instances callable, just like functions 

Original toplevel document
OOP II: Building Classes – Quantitative Economics

 
 If you want to provide a return value for the  len  function when applied to
your user-defined object, use the  __len__  special method 
 class Foo:

    def __len__(self):
        return 42
 
 
 Now we get 
 f = Foo()
len(f)
 
 
 42
 
 
 <span>A special method we will use regularly is the  __call__  method 
 This method can be used to make your instances callable, just like functions 
 class Foo:

    def __call__(self, x):
        return x + 42
 
 
 After running we get 
 f = Foo()
f(8)  # Exactly equivalent to f.__call__(8)
 
 
 50
 
 
 Exercise 1 provides a more 






Flashcard 2971479182604

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#oop #quantecon

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
If you want to provide a return value for the  len  function when applied to your user-defined object, use the  [...]  special method

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		__len__ 
	    

	

    




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If you want to provide a return value for the   len   function when applied to
your user-defined object, use the   __len__   special method   

Original toplevel document
OOP II: Building Classes – Quantitative Economics
¶ 
 Python provides special methods with which some neat tricks can be performed 
 For example, recall that lists and tuples have a notion of length, and that this length can be queried via the  len  function 
 x = (10, 20)
len(x)
 
 
 2
 
 
 <span>If you want to provide a return value for the  len  function when applied to
your user-defined object, use the  __len__  special method 
 class Foo:

    def __len__(self):
        return 42
 
 
 Now we get 
 f = Foo()
len(f)
 
 
 42
 
 
 A special method we will use regularly is the  __call__  method 
 This method can 






Annotation 2971484687628

  

    
                 
      
      
         #python
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          
When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter,
 
 python myscript . py 
 
all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed. Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run. Unlike other languages, there's no main() function that gets run automatically - the main() function is implicitly all the code at the top level.
 
In this case, the top-level code is an if block. __name__ is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module. However, if a module is being run directly (as in myscript.py above), then __name__ instead is set to the string "__main__". Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing
 
 if __name__ == "__main__" : ... 
 
If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the if clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts:

         

	  

    		
  


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python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

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        up vote
        1313
        down vote




 

             
            


 
     
 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di



Flashcard 2971486260492

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#python

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter,



 python myscript.py 



[...] gets executed. 

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		all level 0 indented code
	    

	

    




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When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter,    python myscript . py    all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed. Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run. Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatical
Original toplevel document
python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

                add a comment | 
            
                  
          
 

  

 
     
             
                

 
        
        up vote
        1313
        down vote




 

             
            


 
     
 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di






Annotation 2971488619788

  

    
                 
      
      
         #python
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          __name__ is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.
         

	  

    		
  


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ined, but none of their code gets run. Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level.   In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.  <span>__name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module. However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" . Thus, you can test whether your script is be

Original toplevel document
python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

                add a comment | 
            
                  
          
 

  

 
     
             
                

 
        
        up vote
        1313
        down vote




 

             
            


 
     
 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di



Annotation 2971490192652

  

    
                 
      
      
         #python
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          if a module is being run directly (as in myscript.py above), then __name__ instead is set to the string "__main__".
         

	  

    		
  


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hat gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level.   In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.  __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module. However, <span>if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" . Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing    if __name__ == "__main__" : ...    If your script is being impor

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python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

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 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di



Flashcard 2971491765516

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#python

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
[...] is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		__name__
	    

	

    




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__name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module. 

Original toplevel document
python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

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 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di






Flashcard 2971493338380

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#python

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
if a module is being run directly (as in myscript.py above), then __name__ instead is set to the string [...].

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		"__main__"
	    

	

    




statusnot learnedmeasured difficulty37% [default]last interval [days]               
repetition number in this series0memorised on               scheduled repetition               
scheduled repetition interval               last repetition or drill
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if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" . 

Original toplevel document
python - What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do? - Stack Overflow
    

         

                add a comment | 
            
                  
          
 

  

 
     
             
                

 
        
        up vote
        1313
        down vote




 

             
            


 
     
 <span>When your script is run by passing it as a command to the Python interpreter, 

 python myscript.py 

 all of the code that is at indentation level 0 gets executed.  Functions and classes that are defined are, well, defined, but none of their code gets run.  Unlike other languages, there's no  main()  function that gets run automatically - the  main()  function is implicitly all the code at the top level. 

 In this case, the top-level code is an  if  block.   __name__  is a built-in variable which evaluates to the name of the current module.  However, if a module is being run directly (as in  myscript.py  above), then  __name__  instead is set to the string  "__main__" .  Thus, you can test whether your script is being run directly or being imported by something else by testing 

 if __name__ == "__main__":
    ... 

 If your script is being imported into another module, its various function and class definitions will be imported and its top-level code will be executed, but the code in the then-body of the  if  clause above won't get run as the condition is not met. As a basic example, consider the following two scripts: 

 # file one.py
def func():
    print("func() in one.py")

print("top-level in one.py")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("one.py is being run di






Annotation 2975251172620

  

    
                 
      
      
         #incêndio
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          
Em sistemas de detecção de alarme e incêndio:



Sistemas endereçáveis Classe A são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento.



Sistemas endereçáveis Classe B todo circuito onde não existe uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento, utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. Redução de cabos, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme.

         

	  

    		
  


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tilizam protocolos proprietários, ou seja, os dispositivos instalados nas centrais devem possuir o mesmo tipo de comunicação. 
 Os  sistemas endereçáveis  são subdivididos em duas classes: A e B. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis: classe A e classe B 
 <span>Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe A  são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe B  trata-se de todo circuito onde não existe uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento, utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. Essa topologia de instalação tem como principal diferencial a redução de cabos, gerando uma maior economia, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme. 
 Vamos relembrar as principais características de cada sistema: 
 Sistema convencional 
 Não permite a localização exata do ponto em sinistro; 
 Indicado para ambiente menores; 
 Neces



Flashcard 2975254842636

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#incêndio

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
Em sistemas de detecção de alarme e incêndio:



Sistemas endereçáveis Classe A são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de [...], de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em  [...] .



Sistemas endereçáveis Classe B todo circuito onde não existe uma fiação de [...] , de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na [...] , utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. Redução de cabos, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme.

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		retorno à central

paralisação parcial ou total
	    

	

    




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Em sistemas de detecção de alarme e incêndio:

Sistemas endereçáveis Classe A  são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento. 

 Sistemas endereçáveis Classe B  todo circuito on
Original toplevel document
Unknown title
tilizam protocolos proprietários, ou seja, os dispositivos instalados nas centrais devem possuir o mesmo tipo de comunicação. 
 Os  sistemas endereçáveis  são subdivididos em duas classes: A e B. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis: classe A e classe B 
 <span>Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe A  são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe B  trata-se de todo circuito onde não existe uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento, utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. Essa topologia de instalação tem como principal diferencial a redução de cabos, gerando uma maior economia, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme. 
 Vamos relembrar as principais características de cada sistema: 
 Sistema convencional 
 Não permite a localização exata do ponto em sinistro; 
 Indicado para ambiente menores; 
 Neces






Flashcard 2975257201932

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#incêndio

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
Vantagem de sistemas de incêndio endereçáveis Classe B sobre o A?

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		Redução de cabos, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme
	    

	

    




statusnot learnedmeasured difficulty37% [default]last interval [days]               
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circuito onde não existe uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento, utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. <span>Redução de cabos, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme. 
<span><body><html>
Original toplevel document
Unknown title
tilizam protocolos proprietários, ou seja, os dispositivos instalados nas centrais devem possuir o mesmo tipo de comunicação. 
 Os  sistemas endereçáveis  são subdivididos em duas classes: A e B. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis: classe A e classe B 
 <span>Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe A  são todos circuitos que possuem uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto não implique em paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento. 
 Sistemas endereçáveis do tipo Classe B  trata-se de todo circuito onde não existe uma fiação de retorno à central, de forma que uma eventual interrupção em qualquer ponto deste circuito implique na paralisação parcial ou total de seu funcionamento, utilizando protocolo de comunicação unidirecional. Essa topologia de instalação tem como principal diferencial a redução de cabos, gerando uma maior economia, informando a localização exata do dispositivo em alarme. 
 Vamos relembrar as principais características de cada sistema: 
 Sistema convencional 
 Não permite a localização exata do ponto em sinistro; 
 Indicado para ambiente menores; 
 Neces






Flashcard 2975261134092

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#economia #mises

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
O que diz a lei da utilidade marginal?

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		O consumidor tem satisfação com um bem, mas a unidade seguinte já não lhe proporciona tanto prazer como a anterior.
	    

	

    




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 a utilização que um indivíduo  faz de uma unidade de um conjunto homogêneo de bens, se dispõe de  n unidades, e que não faria se só dispusessem de n-1 unidades, man- tidas iguais às demais circunstâncias, constitui a utilização menos  urgente, ou seja, a sua utilização marginal.  Por isso, 

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Annotation 2975375953164

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          "Fair process profoundly influences attitudes and behaviors..."
         

	  

    		
  


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Annotation 2976163171596

  

    
                 
      
      
         #platão #timeu
         

              
	  

  		 
            
          Segundo Platão/Sócrates, todo o ato intelectual só pode ter lugar na alma
         

	  

    		
  


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Flashcard 2976165530892

    
	

	    
Tags

	    
#platão #timeu

	

    

    

    

    
	

	    
Question

	    
Segundo Platão/Sócrates, todo o ato intelectual só pode ter lugar na [local]

	

    

    

    
	

	    
Answer

	    

		alma
	    

	

    




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Segundo Platão/Sócrates, todo o ato intelectual só pode ter lugar na alma 

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Annotation 2976168152332

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          Tendo construído os corpos de  cada um deles – sete ao todo –, o deus estabeleceu-os  nas órbitas que o percurso do Outro seguia, em número  de sete delas: na primeira a Lua, à  volta da Terra; na  segunda o Sol, por cima da Terra 125 ; a Estrela da Manhã 126   e o astro que dizem ser consagrado a Hermes 127  na rota  circular 128  que tem a mesma velocidade que o Sol, ainda  que lhes tenha cabido  em  sorte  um ímpeto contrário  ao dele
         

	  

    		
  


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Annotation 2976169725196

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          Quanto  à Terra, o  nosso  sustento, a qual roda 136  em torno do eixo que atravessa  o universo, foi estabelecida como guardiã e produtora  da noite e do dia; ela que é a primeira e a mais velha das  divindades  geradas dentro do  céu
         

	  

    		
  


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Annotation 2976171298060

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          De  Geia e Urano foram gerados Oceano e Tétis, seus filhos,  e destes foram gerados Fórcis, Cronos e Reia, e todos  aqueles  que  os  seguiram;  de  Cronos e de Reia  foram  gerados  Zeus  e  Hera e  todos  aqueles  que,  segundo  a  tradição,  sabemos  serem  seus  irmãos,  e  ainda  outros  descendentes  destes  foram  gerados.
         

	  

    		
  


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Annotation 2976172870924

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          formai  e engendrai seres-vivos, fazei-os crescer, providenciando- lhes o alimento, e, quando perecerem, recebei-os outra  vez.
         

	  

    		
  


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Annotation 2976174443788

  

    
                 
      
              
	  

  		 
            
          Uma vez acalmados, gera-se o sossego, e,  uma  vez  gerado  um  sossego  profundo,  abate-se  um  sono com poucos sonhos; mas quando restam alguns  movimentos fortes, conforme a sua natureza e os locais  onde  ficam,  produzem  no  interior  simulacros  que  se  assemelham, quanto à natureza e ao número, ao exterior  e que serão recordados ao acordar.
         

	  

    		
  


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