Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 19-Mar-2020 (Thu)

Do you want BuboFlash to help you learning these things? Click here to log in or create user.

Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
It is composed of four muscular chambers: the main pumping chambers, the left and right ventricles, and the left and right atria, which act like “priming pumps” responsible for the final 20–30% of ventricular filling
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The heart lies free in the pericardial sac, attached to mediastinal structures only at the great vessels. During embryologic development, the heart invaginates into the pericardial sac like a fist pushing into a partially inflated balloon
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Under normal conditions, approximately 40–50 mL of clear fluid, which probably is an ultrafiltrate of plasma, fills the space between the layers of the pericardial sac.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

The left main and right coronary arteries arise from the root of the aorta and provide the principal blood supply to the heart (Figure 10–2).

The large left main coronary artery usually branches into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex coronary artery.
The left anterior descending coronary artery gives off diagonal and septal branches that supply blood to the anterior wall and septum of the heart, respectively.
The circumflex coronary artery continues around the heart in the left atrioventricular groove and gives off large obtuse marginal arteries that supply blood to the left ventricular free wall.

The right coronary artery travels in the right atrioventricular groove and supplies blood to the right ventricle via acute marginal branches.
The posterior descending artery, which supplies blood to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle, arises from the right coronary artery in 80% of people (right-dominant circulation) and from the circumflex artery in the remainder (left-dominant circulation)

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node have fast pacemaker rates (SA node: 60–100 bpm; AV node: 40–70 bpm), and the His bundle and Purkinje fibers are characterized by rapid rates of conduction
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Conduction velocity slows from 1 m/s in atrial tissue to 0.05 m/s in nodal tissue. After the delay in the AV node, the impulse moves rapidly down the His bundle (1 m/s) and Purkinje fibers (4 m/s) to simultaneously depolarize the right and left ventricles
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130964831500]
FIGURE10–1 Anatomy of the heart A: Anterior view of the heart
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130966928652]
FIGURE10–1 Anatomy of the heart B:View of the right heart with the right atrial wall reflected to show the right atrium
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130969025804]
FIGURE10–1 Anatomy of the heart C: Anterior view of the heart with the anterior wall removed to show the right ventricular cavity
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130972695820]
FIGURE10–1 Anatomy of the heart E: View of the left heart from the left side with the left ventricular free wall and mitral valve cut away to reveal the aortic valve
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130974792972]
FIGURE10–1 Anatomy of the heart D: View of the left heart with the left ventricular wall turned back to show the mitral valve.
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130983181580]
FIGURE10–2 Coronary arteries and their principal branches in humans
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5130986851596]
FIGURE10–3 Conducting system of the heart. Typical transmembrane action potentials for the SA and AV nodes, other parts of the conduction system, and the atrial and ventricular muscles are shown along with the correlation to the extracellularly recorded electrical activity (ie, the electrocardiogram [ECG]). The action potentials and ECG are plotted on the same time axis but with different zero points on the vertical scale. The PR interval is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS. (LAF, left anterior fascicle.)
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - ANATOMY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Because normal ventricular depolarization occurs almost simultaneously in the right and left ventricles—usually within 60– 100 ms—the QRS complex is narrow. Although the electrical activity of the small specialized conduction tissues cannot be measured directly from the surface, the interval between the P wave and the start of the QRS complex (PR interval) primarily represents the conduction time of the AV node and His bundle
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - HISTOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

Myocytes are filled with hundreds of parallel striated bundles termed myofibrils.

Myofibrils are composed of repeating units, termed sarcomeres, that form the major contractile unit of the myocyte (Figure 10–4).

Sarcomeres are complex structures composed of contractile proteins, myosin and actin, which are connected by cross-bridges, and a regulatory protein complex, tropomyosin.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




#array #numpy #operation #python #type
When operating with arrays of different types, the type of the resulting array corresponds to the more general or precise one (a behavior known as upcasting).
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

Quickstart tutorial — NumPy v1.19.dev0 Manual
o integer type Traceback (most recent call last): ... numpy.core._exceptions.UFuncTypeError: Cannot cast ufunc 'add' output from dtype('float64') to dtype('int64') with casting rule 'same_kind' <span>When operating with arrays of different types, the type of the resulting array corresponds to the more general or precise one (a behavior known as upcasting). >>> >>> a = np.ones(3, dtype=np.int32) >>> b = np.linspace(0,pi,3) >>> b.dtype.name 'float64' >>> c = a+b >>> c array([1. , 2.57079




[unknown IMAGE 5131000745228]
Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - HISTOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131004415244]
FIGURE10–4 A: Electron photomicrograph of cardiac muscle. The fuzzy thick lines are intercalated disks (×12,000)
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

Physiology of the Whole Heart

Because the ventricles are the primary physiologic pumps of the heart, analysis has focused on these chambers, particularly the left ventricle. The function of intact ventricles is traditionally studied by evaluating pressure–time and pressure–volume relationships.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, the left atrium contracts, forcing additional blood into the left ventricle and giving rise to an a wave on the left atrial pressure tracing. At end diastole, the mitral valve closes, producing the first heart sound (S 1 ), and a brief period of isovolumic contraction follows, during which both the aortic and mitral valves are closed but the left ventricle is actively contracting. When intraventricular pressure rises to the level of aortic pressure, the aortic valve opens and blood flows into the aorta. Beyond this point, the aorta and left ventricle form a contiguous chamber with equal pressures, but left ventricular volume decreases as blood is expelled. Left ventricular contraction stops and ventricular relaxation begins, and end systole is reached when intraventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure. The aortic valve then closes, producing the second heart sound (S 2 )
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Throughout systole, blood has slowly accumulated in the left atrium (because the mitral valve is closed), giving rise to the v wave on the left atrial pressure tracing. During the first phase of diastole—isovolumic relaxation—no change in ventricular volume occurs, but continued relaxation of the ventricle leads to an exponential fall in left ventricular pressure. Left ventricular filling begins when left ventricular pressure falls below left atrial pressure and the mitral valve opens. Ventricular relaxation is a relatively long process that begins before the aortic valve closes and extends past the mitral valve opening. The rate and extent of ventricular relaxation depend on multiple factors: heart rate, wall thickness, chamber volume and shape, aortic pressure, sympathetic tone, and presence or absence of myocardial ischemia
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Once the mitral valve opens, there is an initial period of rapid filling of the ventricle that contributes 70–80% of blood volume to the ventricle and occurs largely because of the atrioventricular pressure gradient. By mid-diastole, flow into the left ventricle has slowed, and the cardiac cycle begins again with the next atrial contraction. Right ventricular pressure–time analysis is similar but with lower pressures because the impedance to flow in the pulmonary vascular system is much lower than in the systemic circulation
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131018571020]
FIGURE10–5 Diagram of events in the cardiac cycle.
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

From top downward : pressure (mmHg) in aorta, left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary artery, right ventricle, right atrium; blood flow (mL/s) in ascending aorta and pulmonary artery; ECG.

Abscissa, time in seconds. (Valvular opening and closing are indicated by AO and AC, respectively, for the aortic valve; MO and MC for the mitral valve; PO and PC for the pulmonary valve; TO and TC for the tricuspid valve.)

Events of the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 75 bpm.

The phases of the cardiac cycle identified by the numbers at the bottom are as follows:
1, atrial systole;
2, isovolumetric ventricular contraction;
3, ventricular ejection;
4, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation;
5, ventricular filling.

Note that late in systole, aortic pressure actually exceeds left ventricular pressure. However, the momentum of the blood keeps it flowing out of the ventricle for a short period. The pressure relationships in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery are similar.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131020668172]
FIGURE10–5 Diagram of events in the cardiac cycle
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

From top downward : pressure (mmHg) in aorta, left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary artery, right ventricle, right atrium; blood flow (mL/s) in ascending aorta and pulmonary artery; ECG.

Abscissa, time in seconds. (Valvular opening and closing are indicated by AO and AC, respectively, for the aortic valve; MO and MC for the mitral valve; PO and PC for the pulmonary valve; TO and TC for the tricuspid valve.)

Events of the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 75 bpm.

The phases of the cardiac cycle identified by the numbers at the bottom are as follows:
1, atrial systole;
2, isovolumetric ventricular contraction;
3, ventricular ejection;
4, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation;
5, ventricular filling.

Note that late in systole, aortic pressure actually exceeds left ventricular pressure. However, the momentum of the blood keeps it flowing out of the ventricle for a short period. The pressure relationships in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery are similar.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
During diastole, as ventricular volume increases during both the initial rapid filling period and atrial contraction, ventricular pressure increases (curve da). The shape and position of this curve, the diastolic pressure–volume relationship, depend on relaxation properties of the ventricle, the elastic recoil of the ventricle, and the distensibility of the ventricle. The curve shifts to the left (higher pressure for a given volume) if relaxation of the ventricle is decreased, the ventricle loses elastic recoil, or the ventricle becomes stiffer.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
At the beginning of systole, active ventricular contraction begins and volume remains unchanged (isovolumic contraction period) (ab). When left ventricular pressure reaches aortic pressure, the aortic valve opens, and ventricular volume decreases as the ventricle expels its blood (curve bc). At end systole (c), the aortic valve closes and isovolumic relaxation begins (cd). When the mitral valve opens, the ventricle begins filling for the next cardiac cycle, repeating the entire process. The area encompassed by this loop represents the amount of work done by the ventricle during a cardiac cycle.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The position of point c depends on the isovolumic systolic pressure–volume curve. If the ventricle is filled with variable amounts of blood (preloads) and allowed to contract, but the aortic valve is prevented from opening, a relatively linear relationship exists, termed the isovolumic systolic pressure–volume curve (Figure 10–6B). The slope and position of this line describe the inherent contractile state of the ventricle. If contractility is increased by catecholamines or other positive inotropes, the line will shift to the left.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131032988940]
Figure 10 - 6
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

A:Pressure–volume loop for the left ventricle. During diastole, the left ventricle fills and pressure increases along the diastolic pressure–volume curve from d to a.

Line ab represents isometric contraction, and bc the ejection phase of systole.

The aortic valve closes at point c, and pressure drops along cd (isovolumic relaxation), until the mitral valve opens at point d and the cycle repeats.

The distance from b to c represents the stroke volume ejected by that beat.

Point a represents end-diastole, and point c represent end-systole.

B: If the left ventricle is filled by varying amounts (a, a′, a′′) and allowed to undergo isovolumic contraction, a relatively linear relationship, the isovolumic pressure–volume relation, can be defined

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The stroke volume depends on three parameters: contractility, afterload, and preload
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Changing the contractile state of the heart will change the width of the pressure– volume loop by changing the position of the isovolumic systolic pressure curve. The impedance against which the heart must work (aortic pressure for the left ventricle) is termed afterload; increased afterload will cause a decrease in stroke volume. Preload is the amount of filling of the ventricle at end-diastole. Up to a point, the more a myocyte or ventricular chamber is stretched, the more it will contract (Frank–Starling relationship), so that increased preload will lead to an increase in stroke volume
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131041901836]
FIGURE10–7
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–7

A:Increasing afterload from b to b′ decreases stroke volume from bc to b′c′.

B: Increasing preload from a to a′ increases stroke volume from bc to b′c′, but at the expense of increased end-diastolic pressure.

C: An increasingly contractile state shifts the isovolumic pressure–volume relationship leftward, increasing stroke volume from bc to b′c′

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131043998988]
FIGURE10–7
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–7

A:Increasing afterload from b to b′ decreases stroke volume from bc to b′c′.

B: Increasing preload from a to a′ increases stroke volume from bc to b′c′, but at the expense of increased end-diastolic pressure.

C: An increasingly contractile state shifts the isovolumic pressure–volume relationship leftward, increasing stroke volume from bc to b′c′

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY : Cellular Physiology -> MYOCYTES
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Briefly, when the myocyte is stimulated, sodium channels on the cell surface membrane (sarcolemma) open, and sodium ions (Na + ) flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell. This sudden inward surge of ions is responsible for the sharp upstroke of the myocyte action potential (phase 0) (Figure 10–8). A plateau phase follows, during which the cell membrane potential remains relatively unchanged owing to the inward flow of calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) and the outward flow of potassium ions (K + ) through several different specialized potassium channels. Repolarization occurs because of the continued outward flow of K + after the inward flux of Ca 2+ has stopped
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY : Cellular Physiology -> MYOCYTES
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Within the cell, the change in membrane potential from the sudden influx of Na + and the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca 2+ causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release large numbers of calcium ions via specialized Ca 2+ release channels, although the exact signaling mechanism is unknown. Once in the cytoplasm, however, Ca 2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds with the regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin. Myosin and actin are then allowed to interact and the cross-bridges between them bend, giving rise to contraction
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY : Cellular Physiology -> MYOCYTES
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The process of relaxation is also poorly understood but appears to involve return of Ca 2+ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum via two transmembrane sarcoplasmic reticulum-embedded proteins: Ca 2+ -ATPase and phospholamban. Reuptake of Ca 2+ is an active process that requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131053174028]
FIGURE10–8
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–8 Changes in ionic conductances responsible for generating action potentials for ventricular or atrial tissue (right) and a sinus or AV node cell (left).

In nodal cells, rapid Na+ channels are absent, so that the action potential upstroke is much slower.

Diastolic depolarization observed in nodal cells is a result of decreased K+ efflux and slow Na+ and Ca2+ influx. Ca2+ (T): influx via Ca2+ (T) channels; Ca2+ (L): influx via Ca2+ (L) channels.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131059989772]
FIGURE10–9
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
FIGURE10–9 Initiation of muscle contraction by Ca2+.When Ca2+binds to troponin C, tropomyosin is displaced laterally, exposing the binding site for myosin on actin (dark area). ATP hydrolysis then changes the conformation of the myosin head and fosters its binding to the exposed site. For simplicity, only one of the two heads of the myosin-II molecule is shown.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease - PHYSIOLOGY : Cellular Physiology -> PACEMAKER CELLS
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The action potential of pacemaker cells is different from that described for ventricular and atrial myocytes (see Figure 10–8). Fast sodium channels are absent, so that a rapid phase 0 depolarization is not observed in SA nodal and AV nodal cells. In addition, these cells are characterized by increased automaticity from a relatively rapid spontaneous phase 4 depolarization. A combination of a reduced outward flow of K + and an inward flow of Na + and Ca 2+ via specialized channels appears to be responsible for this dynamic change in membrane potential. Myofibrils are sparse, although present, in the specialized pacemaker cells
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Bradycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

Bradycardia

Bradycardia can arise from two basic mechanisms.

First, reduced automaticity of the sinus node can result in slow heart rates or pauses. As shown in Figure 10– 10, if sinus node pacemaker activity ceases, the heart will usually be activated at a slower rate by other cardiac tissues with pacemaker activity. Reduced sinus node automaticity can occur during periods of increased vagal tone (sleep, carotid sinus massage, “common faint”), with increasing age, and secondary to drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers).

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Bradycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

Atrioventricular block has been classified as first degree when there is an abnormally long atrioventricular conduction time (PR interval >0.22 s) but activation of the atria and ventricles still demonstrates a 1:1 association.

In second-degree atrioventricular block, some but not all atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles.

Finally, in third-degree block, there is no association between atrial and ventricular activity

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Bradycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Atrioventricular block can occur with increasing age, with increased vagal input, and as a side effect of certain drugs. Atrioventricular block can sometimes also be observed in congenital disorders, such as muscular dystrophy, tuberous sclerosis, and maternal systemic lupus erythematosus, and in acquired disorders, such as sarcoidosis, gout, Lyme disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and coronary artery disease
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

Tachycardia

Tachycardias can arise from three basic cellular mechanisms (Figure 10–12).

First, increased automaticity resulting from more rapid phase 4 depolarization can cause rapid heart rate.

Second, if repolarization is delayed (longer plateau period), spontaneous depolarizations (caused by reactivation of sodium or calcium channels) can sometimes occur in phase 3 or phase 4 of the action potential.
These depolarizations are called triggered activity because they depend on the existence of a preceding action potential.
If these depolarizations reach threshold, tachycardia can occur in certain pathologic conditions.

Third, and most commonly, tachycardias can arise from a re-entrant circuit. Any condition that gives rise to parallel but electrically separate regions with different conduction velocities (such as the border zone of a myocardial infarction or an accessory atrioventricular connection) can serve as the substrate for a re-entrant circuit.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie

The best studied example of re-entrant tachyarrhythmias is Wolff–Parkinson– White syndrome (Figure 10–13).

As mentioned, the AV node normally forms the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles. Perhaps because of incomplete formation of the annulus, an accessory atrioventricular connection is found in approximately 1 in 1000 persons.

This accessory pathway is usually composed of normal atrial or ventricular tissue.

Because part of the ventricle is “pre-excited” over the accessory pathway rather than via the AV node, the surface ECG shows a short PR interval and a relatively wide QRS with a slurred upstroke, termed a delta wave.

Because the atria and ventricles are linked by two parallel connections, re-entrant tachycardias are readily initiated. For example, a premature atrial contraction could be blocked in the accessory pathway but still conduct to the ventricles via the AV node. If enough time has elapsed so that the accessory pathway has recovered excitability, the cardiac impulse can travel in retrograde fashion to the atria over the accessory pathway and initiate a re-entrant tachycardia.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131075456268]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Bradycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
FIGURE10–10 Rhythmstripshowingbradycardiaresultingfromsinusnodepause.Atrialactivity (arrows) suddenly ceases, and after approximately 3 s a junctional escape beat is observed (J)
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131077553420]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Bradycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
FIGURE10–11 Rhythmstripdemonstratingthird-degree(complete)heartblockwithnoassociation between atrial activity (arrows) and ventricular activity (dots)
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131087514892]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–12 Tachyarrhythmias can arise from three different mechanisms.

First,increased automaticity from more rapid phase 4 depolarization can cause arrhythmias.

Second, in certain conditions, spontaneous depolarizations during phase 3 (early after-depolarizations [EAD]) or phase 4 (delayed after- depolarizations [DAD]) can repetitively reach threshold and cause tachycardia.
This appears to be the mechanism of the polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes) observed in some patients taking procainamide or quinidine and the arrhythmias associated with digoxin toxicity.

Third, the most common mechanism for tachyarrhythmia is re-entry.
In re-entry, two parallel pathways with different conduction properties exist (perhaps at the border zone of a myocardial infarction or a region of myocardial ischemia).
The electrical impulse normally travels down the fast pathway and the slow pathway (shaded region), but at the point where the two pathways converge, the impulse traveling down the slow pathway is blocked since the tissue is refractory from the recent depolarization via the fast pathway (a). However, when a premature beat reaches the circuit, block can occur in the fast pathway, and the impulse will travel down the slow pathway (shaded region) (b). After traveling through the slow pathway, the impulse can then enter the fast pathway in retrograde fashion (which, because of the delay, has recovered excitability) and then re-enter the slow pathway to start a continuous loop of activation, or re-entrant circuit (c)

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131092757772]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–13 Re-entrant tachyarrhythmia resulting from Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.

A: The first two beats demonstrate sinus rhythm with pre-excitation of the ventricles over an accessory pathway. The large arrows show the delta wave. An atrial premature contraction (APC) blocks in the accessory pathway, which leads to normalization of the QRS, and the atria are activated in retrograde fashion via the accessory pathway (small arrows), and supraventricular tachycardia ensues.

B: The left panel schematically depicts the first two beats of the rhythm strip. The QRS is wide owing to activation of the ventricles over both the AV node and the accessory pathway. The middle panel depicts the atrial premature contraction, which is blocked in the accessory pathway but conducts over the AV node. In the right panel, the atria are activated in retrograde fashion over the accessory pathway, and a re-entrant circuit is initiated.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
The best example of tachycardias from triggered activity is long QT syndrome. More than 40 years ago, investigators described several clusters of patients with a congenital syndrome associated with a long QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias. Data have shown that the long QT interval can be a result of several specific ion channel defects. For example, a reduction in potassium channel function leads to a prolonged plateau period (Figure 10–14). The prolonged plateau phase in ventricular tissue leads to a prolonged QT interval. These patients are prone to triggered activity because of the reactivation of sodium and calcium channels (early after depolarizations). Triggered activity in the ventricles can lead to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
Regardless of the mechanism, the approach to the immediate clinical management of tachycardias depends on whether the QRS complex is narrow or wide. If the QRS complex is narrow, ventricular depolarization must be occurring normally over the specialized conduction tissues of the heart, and the arrhythmia must be originating at or above the AV node (supraventricular)
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie
A wide QRS complex suggests that ventricular activation is not occurring normally over the specialized conduction tissues of the heart. The tachycardia is arising from ventricular tissue or is a supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction over the His–Purkinje system or an accessory pathway. Criteria have been developed to distinguish between ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrance
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131101146380]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images
FIGURE10–14 IncertainpatientswithlongQTsyndrome,potassiumchannelfunctionisreduced (diagonal arrows), which leads to prolongation of the action potential of ventricular myocytes and prolongation of the QT interval. In some cases, reactivation of sodium and calcium channels can lead to triggered activity that can initiate life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131106389260]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–15

In supra ventricular tachycardia, the QRS is narrow because the ventricles are depolarized over the normal specialized conduction tissues (light blue region). Five possible arrhythmias are commonly encountered.

First, in atrial fibrillation, multiple microreentrant circuits can lead to chaotic activation of the atrium. Because impulses are reaching the AV node at irregular intervals, ventricular depolarization is irregular.

Second, in atrial flutter, a macroreentrant circuit, traveling up the interatrial septum and down the lateral walls, can activate the atria in a regular fashion at approximately 300 bpm. The AV node can conduct only every other or every third beat, so that the ventricles are depolarized at 150 or 100 bpm.

In AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, slow and fast pathways exist in the region of the AV node and a microreentrant circuit can be formed.

Fourth, in atrioventricular re-entry, an abnormal connection between the atrium and ventricle exists so that a macroreentrant circuit can be formed with the AV node forming the slow pathway, and the abnormal atrioventricular connection forming the fast pathway.

Finally, in atrial tachycardia, an abnormal focus of atrial activity as a result of either re-entry, triggered activity, or abnormal automaticity can activate the atria in a regular fashion.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131108486412]
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS - ARRHYTHMIAS : Tachycardia
#Cardiovascular-Disorders:-HeartDisease #Médecine #Pathophysiology-Of-Disease #Physiologie #has-images

FIGURE10–15

In supra ventricular tachycardia, the QRS is narrow because the ventricles are depolarized over the normal specialized conduction tissues (light blue region). Five possible arrhythmias are commonly encountered.

First, in atrial fibrillation, multiple microreentrant circuits can lead to chaotic activation of the atrium. Because impulses are reaching the AV node at irregular intervals, ventricular depolarization is irregular.

Second, in atrial flutter, a macroreentrant circuit, traveling up the interatrial septum and down the lateral walls, can activate the atria in a regular fashion at approximately 300 bpm. The AV node can conduct only every other or every third beat, so that the ventricles are depolarized at 150 or 100 bpm.

In AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, slow and fast pathways exist in the region of the AV node and a microreentrant circuit can be formed.

Fourth, in atrioventricular re-entry, an abnormal connection between the atrium and ventricle exists so that a macroreentrant circuit can be formed with the AV node forming the slow pathway, and the abnormal atrioventricular connection forming the fast pathway.

Finally, in atrial tachycardia, an abnormal focus of atrial activity as a result of either re-entry, triggered activity, or abnormal automaticity can activate the atria in a regular fashion.

statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131116088588]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne de face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131118185740]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne de face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131124215052]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne de profil
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131126312204]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne de profil
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131131555084]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne (vue inférieure)
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131133652236]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Crâne (vue inférieure)
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131138895116]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Vue supérieure de la base du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131140992268]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Vue supérieure de la base du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131146235148]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Insertions (rouges) et terminaisons (bleues) des muscles du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131148332300]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Insertions (rouges) et terminaisons (bleues) des muscles du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131153575180]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Insertions (rouges) et terminaisons (bleues) des muscles du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131155672332]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Insertions (rouges) et terminaisons (bleues) des muscles du crâne
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131160915212]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Muscles de la face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131163012364]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Muscles de la face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131168255244]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Muscles de la face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131170352396]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Muscles de la face
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131177430284]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Méninges crâniennes
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131179527436]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Méninges crâniennes
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131184770316]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - septums duremériens
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131186867468]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - septums duremériens
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131192110348]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Lobes et sillons de l'encéphale
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131194207500]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Lobes et sillons de l'encéphale
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131199450380]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Nerfs crâniens
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131201547532]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Nerfs crâniens
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131206790412]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Foramens (cf fig 6.16)
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131208887564]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Foramens (cf fig 6.16)
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131214130444]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Foramens Fig 6.16
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131216227596]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Foramens Fig 6.16
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131221470476]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Ventricules cérébraux
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131223567628]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Ventricules cérébraux
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131225664780]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Citernes subarachnoïdiennes
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131232480524]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Sinus veineux de la dure-mère
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131234577676]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Sinus veineux de la dure-mère
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131239820556]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Sinus veineux
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131241917708]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Sinus veineux
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131247160588]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Sinus caverneux
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs




[unknown IMAGE 5131249257740]
ANATOMIE - Tête et cou - Région hypophysaire
#Anatomie #Clinique #Médecine #Tête-et-cou #has-images
statusnot read reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on suggested re-reading day
started reading on finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs