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Annotation 4960672419084

#9 #Certificats #Cours #Facultaires #Légale #Médecine

Certificats - Forme :

Papier libre, ordonnance avec identification, formulaires pré-imprimés.
Écriture lisible : la lisibilité est un élément important, souvent non respecté.
L'illisibilité de certaines parties du certificat peut nuire au patient et engager la responsabilité du rédacteur.
Style clair, simple, précis (phrases courtes).
Rédaction en français

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Annotation 4965846617356

#9 #Certificats #Cours #Facultaires #Légale #Médecine

Définition et contexte

Mort encéphalique : destruction irréversible de l'encéphale et perfusion des autres organes maintenue.
Causes principales de la mort encéphalique :
- Accidents vasculaires cérébraux : 56,3 % des donneurs
- Accidents de la circulation et autres traumatismes : 21 % des donneurs
- Anoxies cérébrales (pendaisons, noyades, etc.) : 21 % des donneurs
- Intoxications

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Flashcard 5308767145228

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Hypercalcemie #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypercalcémie - Définition biologique

Des calcémies au-delà de [...] mmol/L, soit [...] mg/L, sont pathologiques

Answer

2,63 mmol/l, soit 105 mg/l, sont pathologiques

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ur le dosage de la calcémie totale. La limite supérieure de la calcémie au-delà de laquelle on définit l'hypercalcémie doit se référer aux normes de chaque laboratoire. Des calcémies au-delà de 2,63 mmol/l, soit 105 mg/l, sont pathologiques

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Flashcard 5308769504524

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypocalcémie

L'hypocalcémie est habituellement définie par un seuil < [...] mmol/l [ [...] mg/L].

Answer

2,20 mmol/l [88 mg/L]

Le diagnostic d'hypocalcémie repose sur le dosage de la calcémie totale associé à celui de la protidémie ou de l'albuminémie, en particulier en cas d'altération de l'état général.

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l'état général. En effet, une hypoprotidémie entraîne une fausse hypocalcémie, car le calcium circule lié à l'albumine dans le sang. L'hypocalcémie est habituellement définie par un seuil < 2,20 mmol/l [88 mg/l]. Ce seuil peut toutefois varier en fonction de la limite inférieure de la calcémie pour les normes du laboratoire. Chez l'adulte, la calcémie est déterminée par un état

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Flashcard 5308771077388

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypocalcémie

Chez l'adulte, la calcémie est déterminée par un état d'équilibre entre l'absorption intestinale, la résorption osseuse et l'excrétion rénale ; pendant l'enfance, s'y ajoute [...] liée à [...].

Answer

l'accrétion osseuse liée à la croissance

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s du laboratoire. Chez l'adulte, la calcémie est déterminée par un état d'équilibre entre l'absorption intesti- nale, la résorption osseuse et l'excrétion rénale ; pendant l'enfance, s'y ajoute l'accrétion osseuse liée à la croissance. Les flux de calcium sont finement régulés par deux hormones calciotropes : la PTH et le calcitriol

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Flashcard 5308774223116

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypocalcémie

L'hypocalcémie sévère (calcémie < [...] mmol/l [ [...] mg/l]) ou [...] peut engager le pronostic vital

Answer

Sévère < 1,8 mmol/l [70 mg/l] ou soudaine

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L'hypocalcémie sévère (calcémie < 1,8 mmol/l [70 mg/l]) ou soudaine entraîne une hyperex- citabilité neuromusculaire et myocardique pouvant engager le pronostic vital

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Flashcard 5308776582412

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypocalcémie - Diagnostic clinique

Quels sont les signes ECG et cardiaques de l'hypocalcémie ? (3)

Answer

Allongement du QT (> 440 ms chez l'homme, > 460 ms chez la femme)
Troubles de l'excitabilité ou de la conduction cardiaque (tachycardies ventriculaires)
Insuffisance cardiaque

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Signes ECG – Allongement du QT (> 440 ms chez l'homme, > 460 ms chez la femme) (figure 21.1c) – Troubles de l'excitabilité ou de la conduction cardiaque (tachycardies ventriculaires) – Insuffisance cardiaque

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Flashcard 5308780776716

Tags

#266 #Calcemie #Cours #Endocrinologie #Facultaires #Hypercalcemie #Ioniques #Médecine #Troubles

Question

Hypercalcémie - Définition biologique

Les valeurs physiologiques du calcium ionisé à jeun sont comprises entre [...] et [...] mmol/l [43 à 52 mg/l]

Answer

1,15 et 1,32 mmol/l [43 à 52 mg/l]

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Les valeurs physiologiques du calcium ionisé à jeun sont comprises entre 1,15 et 1,32 mmol/l [43 à 52 mg/l] ; il y a donc hypercalcémie lorsque le calcium ionisé dépasse 1,32 mmol/l. Cependant, la détermination du calcium ionisé est complexe car très dépendante d

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Flashcard 5308785757452

Tags

#9 #Certificats #Cours #Facultaires #Légale #Médecine

Question

Lividités

Intérêts médico-légal :
- Aspect pouvant être influencé par la cause du décès
  - Lividités pâles et peu étendues -> [Cause du décès?]

Answer

Spoliation sanguine

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Lividités Intérêts médico-légal : Aspect pouvant être influencé par la cause du décès (spoliation sanguine : lividités pâles et peu étendues ; intoxication au monoxyde de carbone : lividités rouge vif) Elles peuvent permettre de mettre en évidence un déplacement du corps (topographie incompa

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Flashcard 5308788116748

Tags

#9 #Certificats #Cours #Facultaires #Légale #Médecine

Question

Lividités

Intérêts médico-légal :
- Aspect pouvant être influencé par la cause du décès
  - Lividités rouge vif -> [Cause du décès?]

Answer

Intoxication au monoxyde de carbone

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Flashcard 5308790476044

Tags

#9 #Certificats #Cours #Facultaires #Légale #Médecine

Question

Lividités

Évolution (avec d'importantes variations) :
- Disparition incomplète après retournement : [...] heures (plus ou moins 4 heures et 30 minutes)

Answer

11 heures

Donc si on retourne un mort après qu'il ait passé 11 heures environ au sol, on pourra toujours déterminer la position initiale

Apparition : 45 minutes (plus ou moins 30 minutes)
Intensité et étendue maximum : 9 heures et 30 minutes (plus ou moins 4 heures et 30 minutes)

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ns) : Apparition : 45 minutes (plus ou moins 30 minutes) Intensité et étendue maximum : 9 heures et 30 minutes (plus ou moins 4 heures et 30 minutes) Disparition incomplète après retournement : 11 heures (plus ou moins 4 heures et 30 minutes)

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Annotation 5309386853644

prostate and bilateral seminal vesicles, radical prostatectom

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Annotation 5323268689164

#math #physics

We know that for a collection of charges, the electrical potential P is the scalar sum of the potentials due to each charge at that point

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Annotation 5323270262028

#math #physics

The product of charge and separation distance is defined as the dipole moment (p) with SI units of C · m:

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Annotation 5323271834892

#math #physics

Chemists usually reverse this convention, having p point from the positive charge toward the negative charge. Sometimes, chemists draw a crosshatch at the tail end of the dipole vector to indicate that the tail end is the positive charge.

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Annotation 5323273407756

#math #physics

along the axis of the dipole, the angle θ is 0°.

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Annotation 5323276815628

#math #physics

One very important equipotential line to be aware of is the plane that lies halfway between +q and –q, called the perpendicular bisector of the dipole. Because the angle between this plane and the dipole axis is 90° (and cos 90° = 0),

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Annotation 5323278388492

#math #physics

Because the angle between this plane and the dipole axis is 90° (and cos 90° = 0), the electrical potential at any point along this plane is 0

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Annotation 5323280223500

#math #physics

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Flashcard 5323281796364

Question

cos 90 =

Answer

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Flashcard 5323283631372

Question

cos 0 =

Answer

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Flashcard 5323285466380

Question

sin 0 =

Answer

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Flashcard 5323287301388

Question

sin 90=

Answer

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Annotation 5323289660684

#math #physics

he electric field vectors at the points along the perpendicular bisector will point in the direction opposite to p

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Annotation 5323291233548

#math #physics

The dipole is a classic example of a setup upon which torques can act.

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Annotation 5323292806412

#math #physics

In the absence of an electric field, the dipole axis can assume any random orientation.

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Annotation 5323294379276

#math #physics

However, when the electric dipole is placed in a uniform external electric field, each of the equal and opposite charges of the dipole will experience a force exerted on it by the field. Because the charges are

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Annotation 5323295952140

#math #physics

equal and opposite, the forces acting on the charges will also be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, resulting in a situation of translational equilibrium.

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Annotation 5323297525004

#math #physics

a net torque about the center of the dipole axis

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Annotation 5323299097868

#math #physics

The dipole is a great example of how the MCAT can test kinematics and dynamics in an electrostatics setting

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Annotation 5323300670732

#math #physics

For a dipole at some angle in an external electric field, there will be translational equilibrium, but not rotational equilibrium. This is because the forces are in opposite directions (left and right in Figure 5.4), but the torques are in the same direction (clockwise for both).

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Annotation 5323302243596

#math #physics

the net torque on a dipole can be calculated from the equation

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Annotation 5323303816460

#math #physics

τ = pE sin θ Equation 5.10 where p is the magnitude of the dipole moment (p = qd), E is the magnitude of the uniform external electric field, and θ is the angle the

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Annotation 5323305389324

#math #physics

This torque will cause the dipole to reorient itself so that its dipole moment, p, aligns with the electric field E, as shown in Figure 5.4.

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Annotation 5323306962188

#math #physics

The electric dipole is most likely to be tested qualitatively or in the context of a passage or reaction on Test Day. It is unlikely that these mathematical relations will be presented or tested without background

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Annotation 5323308535052

#math #physics

Equipotential lines are the sets of points within space at which the potential difference between any two points is zero. This is best visualized as concentric spheres surrounding a source charge

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Annotation 5323310107916

#math #physics

An electric dipole is the separation of charge within a molecule such that there is a permanent or temporary region of equal and opposite charges at a particular distance.

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Annotation 5323311680780

#math #physics

There is no voltage between two points on an equipotential line, so there will be no acceleration along the line

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Annotation 5323313253644

#math #physics

here is a potential difference between different sets of equipotential lines, which can cause particles to move and accelerate.

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Annotation 5323314826508

current will always be zero when potential difference is 0

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Flashcard 5323316661516

Tags

#math #physics

Question

Why is the electrical potential at points along the perpendicular bisector of a dipole zero?

Answer

The perpendicular bisector of an electric dipole is an equipotential plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the dipole

as such... the equation .... is necessarily equal to 0 because cos 90° = 0

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Annotation 5323318496524

the electrical potential at points along the perpendicular bisector of a dipole zero

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Annotation 5323319807244

#math #physics

A dipole will rotate within an external electric field such that its dipole moment aligns with the field

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Annotation 5323321380108

#math #physics

Any moving charge creates a magnetic field.

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Annotation 5323322952972

#math #physics

The SI unit for magnetic field strength is the tesla (T),

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Annotation 5323324525836

#math #physics

he size of the tesla unit is quite large, so small magnetic fields are sometimes measured in gauss, where 1 T = 10 4 gauss.

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Annotation 5323326098700

#math #physics

All materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic

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Annotation 5323327671564

#math #physics

Diamagnetic materials are made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and that have no net magnetic field.

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Annotation 5323329244428

#math #physics

Diamagnetic materials are made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and that have no net magnetic field. These materials are slightly repelled by a magnet and so can be called weakly antimagnetic.

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Annotation 5323330817292

#math #physics

Diamagnetic materials include common materials that you wouldn’t expect to get stuck to a magnet: wood, plastics, water, glass, and skin,

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Annotation 5323332390156

#math #physics

The atoms of both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials have unpaired electrons, so these atoms do have a net magnetic dipole moment, but the atoms in these materials are usually randomly oriented so that the material itself creates no net magnetic field

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Annotation 5323333963020

#math #physics

The atoms of both paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials have unpaired electrons

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Annotation 5323335535884

#math #physics

Paramagnetic materials will become weakly magnetized in the presence of an external magnetic field, aligning the magnetic dipoles of the material with the external field

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Annotation 5323337108748

#math #physics

Paramagnetic materials will become weakly magnetized in the presence of an external magnetic field, aligning the magnetic dipoles of the material with the external field. Upon removal of the external field, the thermal energy of the individual atoms will cause the individual magnetic dipoles to reorient randomly

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Annotation 5323339468044

#math #physics

Some paramagnetic materials include aluminum, copper, and gold

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Annotation 5323341040908

#math #physics

Ferromagnetic materials, like paramagnetic materials, have unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are normally oriented randomly so that the material has no net magnetic dipole.

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Annotation 5323342613772

#math #physics

However, unlike paramagnetic materials, ferromagnetic materials will become strongly magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field or under certain temperatures

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Annotation 5323344186636

#math #physics

Common ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel, and cobalt

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Annotation 5323345759500

#math #physics

Bar magnets are ferromagnetic materials with a north and south pole.

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Annotation 5323347332364

#math #physics

Field lines exit the north pole and enter the south pole

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Annotation 5323348905228

#math #physics

Because magnetic field lines are circular, it is impossible to have a monopole magnet.

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Annotation 5323350478092

#math #physics

Because any moving charge creates a magnetic field, we would certainly expect that a collection of moving charges, in the form of a current through a conductive wire, would produce a magnetic field in its vicinity

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Flashcard 5323352050956

Tags

#math #physics

Question

Because any moving charge creates a magnetic field, we would certainly expect that a collection of moving charges, in the form of a [...] through a conductive wire, would produce a magnetic field in its vicinity

Answer

current

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Because any moving charge creates a magnetic field, we would certainly expect that a collection of moving charges, in the form of a current through a conductive wire, would produce a magnetic field in its vicinity

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Annotation 5323353623820

#math #physics

he configuration of the magnetic field lines surrounding a current-carrying wire will depend on the shape of the wir

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Annotation 5323355196684

#math #physics

The configuration of the magnetic field lines surrounding a current-carrying wire will depend on the shape of the wire. Two special cases that are commonly tested on the MCAT include a long, straight wire and a circular loop of wire (with particular attention paid to the magnetic field at the center of that loop).

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Annotation 5323356769548

#math #physics

The equation demonstrates an inverse relationship between the magnitude of the magnetic field and the distance from the current.

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Annotation 5323358342412

#math #physics

Straight wires create magnetic fields in the shape of concentric rings

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Annotation 5323359915276

#math #physics

one of two right-hand rules used in magnetism.) Point your thumb in the direction of the current and wrap your fingers around the current-carrying wire. Your fingers then mimic the circular field lines, curling around the wire.

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Annotation 5323361488140

#math #physics

You’ll notice that the two equations are quite similar—the obvious difference being that the equation for the magnetic field at the center of the circular loop of wire does not include the constant π. The less obvious difference is that the first expression gives the magnitude of the magnetic field at any perpendicular distance, r, from the current-carrying wire, while the second expression gives the magnitude of the magnetic field only at the center of the circular loop of current-carrying wire with radius r.

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Annotation 5323363323148

#math #physics

Align your right thumb with the current at any point in the loop. When you encircle the wire with the remaining fingers of your right hand, your fingers should point into the page within the loop and out of the page outside of the loop

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Annotation 5323365158156

#math #physics

Magnetic fields exert forces only on other moving charges.

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Annotation 5323366731020

#math #physics

Magnetic fields exert forces only on other moving charges. That is, charges do not “sense” their own fields; they only sense the field established by some external charge or collection of charges.

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Annotation 5323368303884

#math #physics

Note that charges often have both electrostatic and magnetic forces acting on them at the same time; the sum of these electrostatic and magnetic forces is known as the Lorentz force.

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Annotation 5323369876748

#math #physics

θ is the smallest angle between the velocity vector v and the magnetic field vector B

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Annotation 5323371449612

#math #physics

If the charge is moving parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field vector, it will experience no magnetic force

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Annotation 5323373022476

#math #physics

the charge must have a perpendicular component of velocity in order to experience a magnetic force

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Annotation 5323374595340

#math #physics

the magnetic force is a function of the sine of the angle, which means that the charge must have a perpendicular component of velocity in order to experience a magnetic force

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Annotation 5323376168204

#math #physics

Remember that sin 0° and sin 180° equal zero

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Annotation 5323377741068

#math #physics

any charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the magnetic field will experience no force from the magnetic field

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Annotation 5323379313932

#math #physics

Your palm will point in the direction of the force vector for a positive charge, whereas the back of your hand will point in the direction of the force vector for a negative charge

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Annotation 5323380886796

#math #physics

the second right-hand rule that you should practice in anticipation of Test Day. To determine the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge, first position your right thumb in the direction of the velocity vector. Then, put your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field lines. Your palm will point in the direction of the force vector for a positive charge, whereas the back of your hand will point in the direction of the force vector for a negative charge.

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Annotation 5323382459660

#math #physics

Thumb—velocity (indicates direction of movement, like a hitchhiker’s thumb) Fingers—field lines (fingers are parallel like the uniform magnetic field lines) Palm—force on a positive charge (you might give a “high five” to a positive person) Back of hand—force on a negative charge (you might give a backhand to a negative person)

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Annotation 5323384032524

#math #physics

Note that v and F B will always be perpendicular to each other; this implies that uniform circular motion will occur in this field, with F B pointing radially inward toward the center of the circle.

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Annotation 5323385605388

#math #physics

f the centripetal force is the magnetic force, then we can set these two equations equal to each other:

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Annotation 5323387178252

#math #physics

For a straight wire, the magnitude of the force created by an external magnetic field, F B , is: F B = ILB sinθ

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Annotation 5323388751116

#math #physics

θ is the angle between L and B

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Annotation 5323390323980

#math #physics

current is considered the flow of positive charge

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Annotation 5323391896844

#math #physics

1 T = 10 4 gauss, 1 gauss = 10 −4 T,

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Annotation 5323393469708

#math #physics

Current is a flow of positive charge

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Annotation 5323395042572

#math #physics

To create an electric field, one needs a charge. To create a magnetic field, one needs a charge that must also be moving. To create a magnetic force, one needs an external electric field acting on a charge moving any direction except parallel or antiparallel to the external field.

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Annotation 5323396615436

#math #physics

What are the requirements to have a nonzero electric field? A nonzero magnetic field? A nonzero magnetic force?

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Annotation 5323398188300

#math #physics

What are the requirements to have a nonzero electric field? A nonzero magnetic field? A nonzero magnetic force? Nonzero electric field: Nonzero magnetic field: Nonzero magnetic force:

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Annotation 5323399761164

#math #physics

I, and r are the same in both equations. Therefore, the magnetic field at the center of the loop must be larger

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Annotation 5323401334028

#math #physics

Neutron None (q = 0)

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Annotation 5323402906892

#math #physics

Into the page Out of the page Proton None (sin 180° = 0)

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Annotation 5323404479756

#math #physics

charges establish electric fields through which they can exert forces on other charges

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Annotation 5323406052620

#math #physics

electrical forces can be repulsive as well as attractive, which is one of the differences between electrical and gravitational systems

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Annotation 5323407625484

#math #physics

Charges contain electrical potential energy, which we defined as their energy of position with respect to other charges.

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Annotation 5323409198348

#math #physics

Charges move within an electric field from one position of electrical potential to another; they will move spontaneously through an electrical potential difference, or voltage, in whichever direction results in a decrease in the charge’s electrical potential energy

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Annotation 5323410771212

#math #physics

electrical potential difference, or voltage,

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Annotation 5323412344076

#math #physics

move spontaneously through an electrical potential difference, or voltage, in whichever direction results in a decrease in the charge’s electrical potential energy

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Annotation 5323413916940

#math #physics

SI unit of charge is the coulomb

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Annotation 5323415489804

#math #physics

Both protons and electrons possess the fundamental unit of charge (e = 1.60 × 10 –19 C).

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Annotation 5323417062668

#math #physics

Protons and electrons have different masses.

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Annotation 5323418635532

#math #physics

Opposite charges exert attractive forces, and like charges exert repulsive forces.

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Annotation 5323420208396

#math #physics

Conductors allow the free and uniform passage of electrons when charged.

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Annotation 5323421781260

#math #physics

Insulators resist the movement of charge and will have localized areas of charge that do not distribute over the surface of the material.

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Annotation 5323423354124

#math #physics

Coulomb’s law gives the magnitude of the electrostatic force vector between two charges. The force vector always points along the line connecting the centers of the two charges

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Annotation 5323424926988

#math #physics

Every charge generates an electric field, which can exert forces on other charges

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Annotation 5323426499852

#math #physics

The electric field is the ratio of the force that is exerted on a test charge to the magnitude of that charge

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Annotation 5323428072716

#math #physics

Electric field vectors can be represented as field lines that radiate outward from positive source charges and radiate inward to negative source charges.

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Annotation 5323429645580

#math #physics

Positive test charges will move in the direction of the field lines; negative test charges will move in the direction opposite of the field lines.

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Annotation 5323431218444

#math #physics

Electric potential energy is the amount of work required to bring the test charge from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source charge

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Annotation 5323432791308

#math #physics

The electric potential energy of a system will increase when two like charges move toward each other or when two opposite charges move further apart.

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Annotation 5323434364172

#math #physics

The electric potential energy of a system will decrease when two opposite charges move toward each other or when two like charges move further apart

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Annotation 5323435937036

#math #physics

Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge.

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Annotation 5323437509900

#math #physics

Different points in the space of an electric field surrounding a source charge will have different electric potential values

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Annotation 5323439082764

#math #physics

Potential difference (voltage) is the change in electric potential that accompanies the movement of a test charge from one position to another.

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Annotation 5323440655628

#math #physics

Potential difference is path independent and depends only on the initial and final positions of the test charge

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Annotation 5323442228492

#math #physics

The units for both electric potential and voltage are volts.

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Annotation 5323443801356

#math #physics

Test charges will move spontaneously in whichever direction results in a decrease in their electric potential energy.

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Annotation 5323445374220

#math #physics

Positive test charges will move spontaneously from high potential to low potential

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Annotation 5323446947084

#math #physics

Negative test charges will move spontaneously from low potential to

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Annotation 5323448519948

#math #physics

Equipotential lines designate the set of points around a source charge or multiple source charges that have the same electric potential.

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Annotation 5323450092812

#math #physics

Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines

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Annotation 5323451665676

#math #physics

Work will be done when a charge is moved from one equipotential line to another; the work is independent of the pathway taken between the lines.

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Annotation 5323453238540

#math #physics

No work is done when a charge moves from a point on an equipotential line to another point on the same equipotential line.

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Annotation 5323454811404

#math #physics

Two charges of opposite sign separated by a fixed distance, d, generate an electric dipole.

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Annotation 5323456384268

#math #physics

In an external electric field, an electric dipole will experience a net torque until it is aligned with the electric field vector.

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Annotation 5323457957132

#math #physics

An electric field will not induce any translational motion in the dipole regardless of its orientation with respect to the electric field vector.

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Annotation 5323459529996

#math #physics

Magnetic fields are created by magnets and moving charges.

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Annotation 5323461102860

#math #physics

he SI unit for the magnetic field is the tesla (T; 1 T = 10,000 gauss).

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Annotation 5323462675724

#math #physics

1 T = 10,000 gauss).

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Annotation 5323464248588

#math #physics

Diamagnetic materials possess no unpaired electrons and are slightly repelled by a magnet.

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Annotation 5323465821452

#math #physics

Paramagnetic materials possess some unpaired electrons and become weakly magnetic in an external magnetic field

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Annotation 5323467394316

#math #physics

Ferromagnetic materials possess some unpaired electrons and become strongly magnetic in an external magnetic field.

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Annotation 5323468967180

#math #physics

Magnets have a north and a south pole; field lines point from the north to the south pole.

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Annotation 5323470540044

#math #physics

Current-carrying wires create magnetic fields that are concentric circles surrounding the wire

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Annotation 5323472899340

#math #physics

External magnetic fields exert forces on charges moving in any direction except parallel or antiparallel to the field

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Annotation 5323474472204

#math #physics

Point charges may undergo uniform circular motion in a uniform magnetic field wherein the centripetal force is the magnetic force acting on the point charge.

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Annotation 5323476045068

#math #physics

The direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge or current- carrying wire is determined using the right-hand rule.

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Annotation 5323477617932

#math #physics

Lorentz force is the sum of the electrostatic and magnetic forces acting on a body.

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Annotation 5323479715084

Infections associées aux soins -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Une infection nosocomiale est une infection acquise au cours d'un séjour dans un établisse- ment de santé, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'était ni présente, ni en incubation à l'admission. Si on ne connaît pas le statut infectieux à l'admission, on admet qu'une infection est nosoco- miale si elle survient au-delà de la 48 e heure d'hospitalisation

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Annotation 5323482074380

Infections associées aux soins -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Une infection associée aux soins (AIS) est une infection qui survient au cours ou au décours d'une prise en charge (diagnostique, thérapeutique, palliative, préventive ou éducative) d'un patient, qui n'était ni présente, ni en incubation au début de la prise en charge, que cette infection ait été contractée lors d'un séjour dans un établissement de santé (infection nosocomiale) ou lors de soins délivrés hors d'un établissement de santé (soins à domicile, maison de retraite médicalisée, cabinet de médecine libérale). La notion d'infection asso- ciée aux soins intègre la diversité des lieux de prise en charge et la notion de risque tout au long du parcours de soins du patient.

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Annotation 5323484433676

Infections associées aux soins -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Une infection du site opératoire est une infection nosocomiale particulière définie comme telle si elle survient dans un délai maximal de 30 jours suivant une intervention chirurgicale ou, s'il y a mise en place d'un implant, d'une prothèse ou d'un matériel prothétique, dans l'année qui suit l'intervention. Elle se situe sur le trajet de l'incision chirurgicale ou des organes opérés pendant l'intervention

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Annotation 5323486792972

Infections associées aux soins -> Impact en termes de santé publique -> Morbidité

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Morbidité

Selon les données des enquêtes nationales de prévalence « un jour donné » réalisées en France tous les 5 ans, la prévalence de patients avec une infection nosocomiale se situe autour de 5 %, soit environ 1 patient sur 20, ce qui représente plus de 500 000 infections nosocomiales par an. Cette prévalence est comparable à celle mesurée dans les autres pays européens

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Annotation 5323488365836

Infections associées aux soins -> Impact en termes de santé publique -> Morbidité

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

La prévalence des infections nosocomiales varie en fonction du type d'hôpital (plus élevée dans les hôpitaux universitaires), du type d'activité (plus élevée en court ou moyen séjour) et de la spécialité (plus élevée en réanimation [20 %] qu'en médecine ou en chirurgie [5 %]). Ces différences s'ex- pliquent en grande partie par la densité en soins et la gravité des pathologies prises en charge

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Annotation 5323489938700

Infections associées aux soins -> Impact en termes de santé publique -> Morbidité

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Les infections nosocomiales les plus fréquentes sont les infections urinaires, les infections des voies respiratoires, les bactériémies/septicémies et les infections du site opératoire

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Annotation 5323491511564

Infections associées aux soins -> Impact en termes de santé publique -> Mortalité et létalité

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

L'estimation de la mortalité des IAS est d'au moins 4 000 décès par an en France. Les infections urinaires, qui représentent les infections nosocomiales les plus fréquentes, ont une létalité faible. En revanche, les infec- tions pulmonaires ou les bactériémies/septicémies ont la létalité la plus élevée

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Annotation 5323498589452

[unknown IMAGE 5323497278732]

Infections associées aux soins

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux #has-images

Tableau 20.1

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Annotation 5323500686604

Infections associées aux soins -> Antibioprophylaxie per-opératoire

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

* Une seule injection par voie intraveineuse, au moment de, ou dans les 2 heures précédant l'induction anesthésique ; réinjection si interven- tion longue (sans dépasser 24 heures) ; spectre adapté au risque bactérien en fonction du type d'intervention selon les recommandations de la Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation

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Annotation 5323504618764

[unknown IMAGE 5323503308044]

Infections associées aux soins

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux #has-images

Encadré 20.1

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Annotation 5323506715916

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Mode d'acquisition et mode de transmission

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Le réservoir des micro-organismes des infections nosocomiales/associées aux soins est le plus souvent le patient lui-même (micro-organismes de la flore commensale de la peau ou des muqueuses, en particulier digestives ou respiratoires) (fig. 20.1). Plus rare- ment, le réservoir de micro-organismes est situé dans l'environnement aérien ou hydrique (tableau 20.2).

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Annotation 5323509075212

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Mode d'acquisition et mode de transmission

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Le patient peut être simplement porteur ou colonisé par des micro- organismes sans développer d'infection clinique. Il représente malgré tout dans ce cas un réservoir épidémiologique qui peut être à l'origine de transmissions (notamment de bactéries multirésistantes [BMR] aux antibiotiques).

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Annotation 5323510648076

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Mode d'acquisition et mode de transmission

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Les trois micro-organismes le plus fréquemment isolés des infections nosocomiales/associées aux soins sont : • Escherichia coli (et autres entérobactéries) ; • Staphylococcus aureus ; • Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Annotation 5323515366668

[unknown IMAGE 5323514055948]

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Mode d'acquisition et mode de transmission

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux #has-images

Fig 20.1

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Annotation 5323519823116

[unknown IMAGE 5323518512396]

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Mode d'acquisition et mode de transmission

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux #has-images

Tableau 20.2

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Annotation 5323521920268

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques

Les bactéries sont dites multirésistantes (BMR) aux antibiotiques lorsqu'elles ont acquis une résistance à un grand nombre d'antibiotiques utilisables en thérapeutique voire sont totale- ment résistantes à tous les antibiotiques ; on parle alors de bactéries hautement résistantes ou toto-résistantes.

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Annotation 5323523493132

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

En raison de leur fréquence élevée et de leur potentiel pathogène, les BMR cibles sont : • Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) ; • les entérobactéries productrices de β-lactamases à spectre étendu (EBLSE) qui sont résis- tantes aux céphalosporines de troisième génération.

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Annotation 5323525065996

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

En France, les infections nosocomiales à SARM ou à EBLSE surviennent chez 1 patient hos- pitalisé sur 200 environ. Si les infections nosocomiales à SARM sont en diminution progres- sive, on constate en revanche une tendance à l'augmentation de l'incidence des EBLSE

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Annotation 5323526638860

Infections associées aux soins -> Reconnaître le caractère nosocomial de l'infection -> Bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

De plus, on assiste à l'émergence de souches bactériennes hautement résistantes (BHR) parmi ces espèces, telles que les entérobactéries sécrétrices de carbapénémases (EPC), les entérocoques résistant aux glycopeptides (ERG) ou les staphylocoques dorés résistant aux glycopeptides

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Annotation 5323531357452

Infections associées aux soins -> Organisation, structures et programmes de lutte et de surveillance -> Dispositifs de lutte contre les infections associées aux soins

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Depuis la création des comités de lutte contre l'infection nosocomiale (CLIN) en 1988, le dispositif de surveillance épidémiologique et de prévention des IAS est constitué d'un dispositif à trois niveaux : • au niveau local dans chaque établissement de santé public ou privé : une équipe opéra- tionnelle d'hygiène hospitalière (EOHH), qui doit travailler en coordination étroite avec le coordonnateur de la gestion des risques associés aux soins (circulaire du 18 novembre 2011) ; • des centres régionaux d'appui à la prévention des infections associées aux soins (CPIAS) couvrant l'ensemble des régions françaises ; • au niveau du ministère de la Santé, un comité de pilotage du programme national de pré- vention des IAS (PROPIAS). La mise en œuvre des missions nationales est confiée à l'agence nationale de santé publique (Santé publique France).

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Annotation 5323533716748

Infections associées aux soins -> Organisation, structures et programmes de lutte et de surveillance -> Surveillance épidémiologique et veille sanitaire

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Les principales données épidémiologiques spécifiques sur les IAS proviennent : • des enquêtes nationales de prévalence (ENP) réalisées tous les 5 ans en France ; • des réseaux de surveillance épidémiologique ciblés sur les IAS prioritaires (BMR, site opéra- toire, infections associées aux dispositifs invasifs) ; • des signalements réglementaires des IAS

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Annotation 5323535289612

Infections associées aux soins -> Organisation, structures et programmes de lutte et de surveillance -> Surveillance épidémiologique et veille sanitaire

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Le signalement réglementaire des IAS doit être effectué par les établissements de santé à l'autorité sanitaire (agence régionale de santé [ARS]) et aux CPIAS dans chaque région, puis transmis à l'agence nationale de santé publique. Il concerne seulement certaines IAS ayant un caractère rare ou particulier du fait du micro-organisme en cause, de la localisation de l'infec- tion, de la gravité, ou de leur lien avec un dispositif médical ou une procédure exposant à un risque d'épidémie. Ce signalement externalisé suppose en amont un système de détection des IAS interne à l'établissement et l'information du ou des patients concernés

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Annotation 5323538435340

Infections associées aux soins -> Organisation, structures et programmes de lutte et de surveillance -> Information des usagers et communication publique

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Chaque année, tous les établissements de santé français sont dans l'obligation de compléter les informations concernant des mesures de prévention des infections associées aux soins, comme la consommation de solutions hydro-alcooliques (SHA) pour l'hygiène des mains ou l'incidence de certaines infections du site opératoire. Ces indicateurs sont à diffusion publique pour répondre à l'information des usagers, et sont éditées sur le site internet de la Haute autorité de santé (HAS)

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Annotation 5323540008204

Infections associées aux soins -> Organisation, structures et programmes de lutte et de surveillance -> Dispositif de recours et d'indemnisation des victimes d'infection nosocomiale

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

La loi sur les droits des malades a mis en place un dispositif de règlement amiable compétent pour les infections nosocomiales. Trois dispositifs peuvent être déployés : • avis à l'Office national d'indemnisation des accidents médicaux (ONIAM) : il proposera une indemnisation à la victime ou à ses ayants droits en cas d'infection nosocomiale grave (taux d'incapacité permanente supérieur à 25 % ou décès), après examen et avis de la commis- sion régionale de conciliation et d'indemnisation des accidents médicaux (CRCI) ; • saisie du juge compétent : en cas de critères de gravité non atteints ou d'accident antérieur au 4 septembre 2001 ou encore tout simplement si la personne le souhaite ; • règlement amiable : directement avec l'établissement et son assureur. Il faut pour cela saisir la direction de l'établissement d'une demande en ce sens.

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Annotation 5323543153932

Mesures de prévention ->

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Mesures de prévention

Les mesures d'hygiène peuvent être divisées en hygiène du soin et hygiène de l'environnement. La conception moderne de l'hygiène vise à réduire le risque infectieux chez les patients et privilégie l'hygiène du soin. Cependant, pour certains risques particuliers, l'hygiène de l'environ- nement doit être prise en compte, de même pour les risques exposant les personnels soignants

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Annotation 5323545513228

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions standard

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Précautions standard

La prévention repose sur des mesures de protection systématique chez tous les patients et le personnel, quel que soit leur statut infectieux, connu ou non. Ces mesures d'hygiène de base, dénommées « précautions standard » (encadré 20.2), sont indispensables pour éviter la transmission entre patients via le personnel de soins ou le matériel.

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Annotation 5323547086092

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions standard

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La mesures de base de la prévention des IAS est la friction hydroalcoolique (gel ou solution hydroalcoolique [SHA]) qui reste la technique de référence pour lutter contre la transmission croisée entre les individus (fig. 20.2). Celle-ci doit remplacer en toutes circonstances le lavage des mains (hors contre-indications), moins facile à réaliser et souvent moins efficace. Le port de gants protège l'utilisateur mais n'exonère pas de l'hygiène des mains

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Annotation 5323548658956

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions complémentaires

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Précautions complémentaires

Des précautions particulières, dites « précautions complémentaires », doivent être mises en œuvre en complément des précautions standard lorsque le patient est porteur ou infecté

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Annotation 5323550231820

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions standard d'hygiène

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Encadré 20.2

Précautions standard d'hygiène

Pour tout patient, qu'il soit ou non infecté/colonisé : • friction des mains avec une solution hydroalcoolique (30 secondes/friction) avant et après chaque soin (ou entre deux soins consécutifs) ; • port de gants si risque de contact avec du sang, ou tout autre produit d'origine humaine ; • port de blouse, lunettes de protection en cas de risque de projections ; • port de masque (chirurgical) en cas de risque respiratoire ; • décontamination, stérilisation ou élimination des matériels souillés et des surfaces souillées en respectant les règles de conditionnement pour le transport de prélèvements biologiques (déchets d'activité de soins à risque infectieux [DASRI]) ; • précautions pour la prévention des accidents d'exposition au sang en cas de manipulation d'objets piquants/ tranchants (collecteurs sécurisés, gants, matériel à aiguille rétractable, etc.).

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Annotation 5323554950412

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions complémentaires

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Ces précautions complémentaires doivent donc être mises en place : dès que le patient est suspect d'être atteint d'une infection naturellement contagieuse ; d'être infecté ou colonisé par un agent infectieux susceptible de disséminer ; d'être porteur d'un agent infectieux multirésistant aux antibiotiques. La mise en place ainsi que la levée des précautions complémentaires relèvent d'une prescrip- tion médicale qui doit être tracée dans le dossier médical du patient

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Annotation 5323558882572

[unknown IMAGE 5323557571852]

Mesures de prévention -> Prévention des infections associées aux soins : hygiène du soin -> Précautions standard

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux #has-images

Fig. 20.2. Technique de frictions des mains par solution hydroalcoolique (SHA).

La friction doit être réalisée en sept étapes pendant une durée de 20 à 30 secondes, systématiquement avant et après chaque soin.

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Annotation 5323560979724

Mesures de prévention -> Antisepsie -> Définition

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Définition L'antisepsie correspond à l'ensemble des procédés utilisés pour éliminer les risques de sur- venue d'infections au niveau des tissus vivants. L'antisepsie permet la réduction des micro- organismes présents sur la peau, les muqueuses ou les autres tissus vivants au moment du geste permettant d'éliminer ou de tuer les micro-organismes et/ou d'inactiver les virus indési- rables en fonction des objectifs fixés, autant médicaux que chirurgicaux.

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Annotation 5323562552588

Mesures de prévention -> Antisepsie -> Définition

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

L'asepsie diffère de l'antisepsie par le fait qu'elle n'emploie pas d'agents thérapeutiques. En effet, l'asepsie consiste à faire obstacle à l'afflux de micro-organismes, alors que l'antisepsie consiste à les inactiver là où ils se trouvent (voir plus loin).

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Annotation 5323564125452

Mesures de prévention -> Antisepsie -> Règles d'utilismation des antiseptiques

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Règles d'utilismation des antiseptiques

Il convient : • de contrôler la tolérance du site d'application : peau saine, peau lésée, muqueuses, etc. ; • de contrôler les incompatibilités entre produits ; • d'éviter l'inactivation du produit par les matières organiques (sang, pus, etc.) : une phase de détersion préalable à l'application est presque toujours nécessaire pour contrôler et respecter le délai d'action (temps de contact nécessaire à l'activité). Il est essentiel de respecter scrupuleusement les conditions d'utilisation des produits (concen- trations et mode d'emploi) afin d'éviter l'émergence de souches résistantes.

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Annotation 5323568057612

Mesures de prévention -> Antisepsie -> Précautions d'emploi

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Remarque Il ne faut pas utiliser d'antiseptique pour la désinfection du matériel. Il est toutefois recommandé dans certaines situations d'utiliser un antiseptique alcoolique pour la manipulation aseptique de dispositifs : désinfection des sites de prélèvement des sondes vésicales, des sites d'injection des cathéters, des disposi- tifs d'accès vasculaire à valve, des bouchons de perfusions, etc. Dans ces indications limitées, l'usage d'un antiseptique sur la surface d'un dispositif médical peut exposer à un risque de dégradation de celui-ci : il convient de suivre les recommandations du fabricant du dispositif médical en matière de compatibilité (voir plus loin)

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Annotation 5323569630476

Mesures de prévention -> Antisepsie -> Précautions d'emploi

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Les gestes ou actes de soins peuvent être classés en fonction de leur niveau de risque infectieux. Trois niveaux de risque sont identifiés selon la topographie et le type du soin : haut, intermédiaire et bas. Selon le niveau de risque infectieux, des recommandations de prévention des IAS existent

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Annotation 5323572776204

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Asepsie, antisepsie

L'asepsie consiste en la décontamination de l'espace (y compris de l'air), du matériel et de la surface du corps. Elle consiste donc à faire obstacle à l'afflux de micro-organismes, alors que l'antisepsie consiste à inactiver les micro-organismes là où ils se trouvent (voir ci-après « Désinfection »)

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Annotation 5323574349068

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Asepsie / antisepsie

L'asepsie est une méthode qui permet d'accomplir une tâche donnée en évitant d'apporter des micro-organismes (bactéries, virus, champignons) au patient (ou à l'objet de sa tâche). Elle repose sur l'utilisation de matériel stérile, de tenue stérile, de couvre-chef étanche, de gants stériles, de masque antiprojection, de microfiltres à air (filtres à très haute efficacité [THE]) et de système de renouvellement de l'air, sans oublier les règles comportementales

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Annotation 5323575921932

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Décontamination

C'est le premier traitement à effectuer sur les objets et matériels souillés par des matières organiques dans le but de diminuer la population des micro-organismes et de faciliter le nettoyage ultérieur. La décontamination a également pour but de protéger le personnel lors de la manipulation des instruments ; elle permet aussi d'éviter la contamination de l'environnement 1

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Annotation 5323577494796

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Désinfection

La désinfection est une procédure d'élimination dirigée des micro-organismes des mains, d'une pièce, d'un champ opératoire, etc., par des moyens mécaniques (lavage au savon, SHA), physiques (chaleur humide) ou chimiques (antiseptiques), afin d'éviter la transmission de micro-organismes indésirables. Elle permet de réduire le nombre de micro-organismes dans ou sur une matrice inanimée, grâce à l'action irréversible d'un produit sur leur structure ou leur métabolisme (NF EN 14885 : 2006). Le résultat de cette opération est limité aux micro- organismes présents au moment de l'opération (AFNOR NF T 72-101)

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Annotation 5323582999820

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Désinfection

La désinfection cutanée ou muqueuse doit être réalisée lors des soins invasifs spécifiques (inter- vention chirurgicale, cathéters veineux, sondes). Il s'agit d'un traitement à effectuer égale ment sur les objets et matériel souillés par des matières organiques dans le but de diminuer la popu- lation des micro-organismes et de faciliter le nettoyage ultérieur. La décontamination a aussi pour but de protéger le personnel lors de la manipulation des instruments ; elle permet encore d'éviter la contamination de l'environnement (AFNOR)

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Annotation 5323585359116

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

#4 #Associees #Cours #Facultaires #Infections #Legale #Médecine #Publique #Santé #Soins #aux

Stérilisation C'est un procédé qui rend un produit stérile et le conditionne pour permettre de le conserver dans cet état pendant une période de temps définie. La procédure consiste à éliminer ou tuer les micro-organismes portés par des milieux inertes contaminés, le résultat étant l'état de stérilité (AFNOR NF T 72-101)

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Annotation 5323589291276

[unknown IMAGE 5323587980556]

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement

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Fig. 20.3. Les différentes étapes d'une procédure de désinfection.

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Annotation 5323594272012

[unknown IMAGE 5323591650572]

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

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Tableau 20.3

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Annotation 5323597942028

[unknown IMAGE 5323596631308]

Mesures de prévention -> Entretien des surfaces et matériels : hygiène de l'environnement -> Définitions

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Encadré 20.3

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Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 22-Apr-2020 (Wed)

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2,63 mmol/l, soit 105 mg/l, sont pathologiques

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2,20 mmol/l [88 mg/L]

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l'accrétion osseuse liée à la croissance

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Sévère < 1,8 mmol/l [70 mg/l] ou soudaine

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Allongement du QT (> 440 ms chez l'homme, > 460 ms chez la femme)

Troubles de l'excitabilité ou de la conduction cardiaque (tachycardies ventriculaires)

Insuffisance cardiaque

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1,15 et 1,32 mmol/l [43 à 52 mg/l]

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Spoliation sanguine

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Intoxication au monoxyde de carbone

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11 heures

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