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Flashcard 6971277315340

Question
Weakest Piglets May [do secretly] Help from Strongest Siblings
Answer
Sneak

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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
Mind & Brain Environment Technology Space & Physics Video Podcasts Opinion Store Subscribe Current Issue Cart0 Sign In Newsletters Biology 60-Second Science Subscribe: Apple iTunes RSS <span>Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings By Jason G. Goldman on December 28, 2016 Download Play Pause Toggle Mute Volume Current time 00:00 Seek 0% played 0% buffered Current time 00:00 / Duration 00:00 Toggle Captions Toggle







Flashcard 6971280723212

Question
when babies get delivered we [put] all our energy into child [raising] .
Answer
pouring, rearing

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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
ong sibling while feeding, it may get some extra nutrition from inadvertently stimulated mammary glands. Full Transcript Human parents usually have one or sometimes two offspring at a time, and <span>when babies get delivered we pour all our energy into child rearing. But other animals raise lots of babies at once. And the weaker individuals can be at a big disadvantage. If there's not enough food, for example, a mother bird might offer more to those







But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do
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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
weaker individuals can be at a big disadvantage. If there's not enough food, for example, a mother bird might offer more to those chicks who are more likely to survive. Nature's a rough place. <span>But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do, because all the babies nurse at the same time. And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stim




Flashcard 6971287276812

Question
But mammals like pigs can't selectively [supply] their offspring the way birds do
Answer
provision

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But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do

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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
weaker individuals can be at a big disadvantage. If there's not enough food, for example, a mother bird might offer more to those chicks who are more likely to survive. Nature's a rough place. <span>But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do, because all the babies nurse at the same time. And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stim







And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge.
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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
chicks who are more likely to survive. Nature's a rough place. But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do, because all the babies nurse at the same time. <span>And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. But it turn




Flashcard 6971291208972

Question
And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an [advantage].
Answer
edge

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And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge.

Original toplevel document

Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
chicks who are more likely to survive. Nature's a rough place. But mammals like pigs can't selectively provision their offspring the way birds do, because all the babies nurse at the same time. <span>And yet the strongest piglets still seem to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. But it turn







#English
But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.
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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
em to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. <span>But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands. So if a weakling was canny enough to position himself next to one of his strongest siblings, he might get more milk than positioned elsewhere. "I got this idea during observations of pi




Flashcard 6971295927564

Tags
#English
Question
But it turns out that [powerful] stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.
Answer
vigorous

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But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.

Original toplevel document

Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
em to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. <span>But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands. So if a weakling was canny enough to position himself next to one of his strongest siblings, he might get more milk than positioned elsewhere. "I got this idea during observations of pi







Flashcard 6971298286860

Tags
#English
Question
But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one [breast] can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.
Answer
mammary gland

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But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.

Original toplevel document

Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
em to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. <span>But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands. So if a weakling was canny enough to position himself next to one of his strongest siblings, he might get more milk than positioned elsewhere. "I got this idea during observations of pi







Flashcard 6971300646156

Tags
#English
Question
But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in [adjacent] glands.
Answer
neighboring

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But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands.

Original toplevel document

Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
em to have an edge. One hypothesis goes that the weaklings might not have sufficient energy to stimulate the mammary gland while they suckle, so they eventually starve from a lack of nutrition. <span>But it turns out that vigorous stimulation of one mammary gland can increase blood flow in neighboring glands. So if a weakling was canny enough to position himself next to one of his strongest siblings, he might get more milk than positioned elsewhere. "I got this idea during observations of pi







#English
so that the smaller ones could take advantage of their larger counterparts.
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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
urse together with one mother while a different mother raises the weaker babies. But his results might mean that more piglets could survive if breeders instead mixed piglets of different sizes, <span>so that the smaller ones could take advantage of their larger counterparts. What this finding does not explain is why my younger brother, who as a kid always and failed to steal my dessert, is now stronger than I am. —Jason G. Goldman [The above text is a trans




Flashcard 6971304840460

Tags
#English
Question
so that the smaller ones could take advantage of their larger [equivalent, peer].
Answer
counterparts

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so that the smaller ones could take advantage of their larger counterparts.

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Weakest Piglets May Sneak Help from Strongest Siblings - Scientific American
urse together with one mother while a different mother raises the weaker babies. But his results might mean that more piglets could survive if breeders instead mixed piglets of different sizes, <span>so that the smaller ones could take advantage of their larger counterparts. What this finding does not explain is why my younger brother, who as a kid always and failed to steal my dessert, is now stronger than I am. —Jason G. Goldman [The above text is a trans








#harrison #medicine
classification of haemoglobinopathies
#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #has-images #medicine
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#anemia #haemoatology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine
Thalassemias are the most common genetic disorders in the world, affecting nearly 200 million people worldwide.
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine
Sickle cell disease is the most common structural hemoglobinopathy,
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine
Hemoglobinopathies are autosomal codominant traits—thus, com- pound heterozygotes who inherit a different abnormal mutant allele from each parent exhibit composite features of each. For example, patients inheriting sickle β thalassemia exhibit features of β thalas- semia and sickle cell anemia. The α chain is present in HbA, HbA 2 , and HbF; α-chain mutations thus cause abnormalities in all three. The α-globin hemoglobinopathies are symptomatic in utero and after birth because normal function of the α-globin gene is required throughout gestation and adult life. In contrast, infants with β-globin hemoglo- binopathies tend to be asymptomatic until 3–9 months of age, when HbA has largely replaced
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine
Laboratory evaluation remains an adjunct, rather than the sole diagnostic aid. Diagnosis is best established by recognition of a charac- teristic history, physical findings, peripheral blood smear morphology, and abnormalities of the complete blood cell count (e.g., profound microcytosis with minimal anemia in thalassemia trait).
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sickle cell syndromes
#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine #sicklecell
The sickle cell syndromes are caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene that changes the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine. HbS (α 2 β 2 6 Glu→Val ) polymerizes reversibly when deoxygenated to form a gelatinous network of fibrous polymers that stiffen the RBC membrane, increase viscosity, and cause dehydration due to potassium leakage and calcium influx (Fig. 94-3). These changes also produce the sickle shape (Fig. 94-4). Sickled cells lose the pliability needed to traverse small capillaries. They possess altered “sticky” membranes that are abnormally adherent to the endothelium of small venules. These abnormalities provoke unpredictable episodes of microvascular vasoocclusion and premature RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia) in the liver and spleen. The rigid adherent cells also clog small capillaries and venules, causing tissue ischemia, acute pain, and gradual end- organ damage. This venoocclusive component usually dominates the clinical course. Prominent manifestations include episodes of ischemic pain (i.e., painful crises) and ischemic malfunction or frank infarction in the spleen, central nervous system, bones, joints, liver, kidneys, and lungs (Fig. 94-3). Several sickle syndromes occur as the result of inheritance of HbS from one parent and another hemoglobinopathy, such as β thalassemia or HbC (α 2 β 2 6 Glu→Lys ), from the other parent. The prototype disease, sickle cell anemia, is the homozygous state for HbS
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine #sicklecell
Most patients with sickling syndromes suffer from hemolytic anemia, with hematocrits from 15 to 30%, and significant reticulocytosis
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine #sicklecell
Granulocytosis is common. The white count can fluctuate substan- tially and unpredictably during and between painful crises, infectious episodes, and other intercurrent illnesses. Granulocytes, platelets, and mononuclear inflammatory cells, and the inflammatory mediators that they release at the sites of vasoocclusion, are being increasingly appreciated as key contributors to the initiation and aggravation of the morbidity associated with vasoocclusive crises.
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#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #medicine #sicklecell
sickle cell crisis
#anemia #haematology #haemoglobinopathies #harrison #has-images #medicine #sicklecell
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Flashcard 6971339443468

Question
A defect primarily in the intima is seen in?
Answer
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU)

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Flashcard 6971341278476

Question
A defect in the media only describes what?
Answer
Intramural hematoma (IMH)

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Flashcard 6971343113484

Question
A defect in the intima extending to media is the hallmark of what?
Answer
Aortic dissection

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Flashcard 6971344948492

Question
Clinically, intramural hemorhage can present identically to aortic dissection with acute tearing back pain. What are the treatment options for intramural hemorrhage?
Answer
Same as dissection regarding involvement of the ascending versus descending aorta. Ascending surgical, descending medical.

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Flashcard 6971346783500

Question
The key imaging finding of intramural hematoma is what?
Answer
Faint peripheral hyperattenuating (45–50 HU) crescent within the aorta, best seen on noncontrast CT.

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