on 08-Sep-2022 (Thu)

Recognition vs. Recall

Recognition is an important memory ability. It’s what happens when you see a bird and know it’s a seagull....

Recall, on the other hand, is somewhat different. It’s the ability to pull up the answer to a question, without looking at it. If I ask you the capital of France, and you know the answer, Paris, it’s because you recalled it from memory.

Recall, unsurprisingly, is almost always harder than recognition. Asking you what is the capital of France, and you replying correctly, “Paris,” is much harder than me asking you “Is Paris the capital of France?” and you replying, “Yes.”

Also, perhaps unsurprisingly, recallable memory is usually what we want when we read books. ...

The problem is that if you want recallable memory, practicing recognition doesn’t help very much.

Unfortunately practicing recognition is virtually the only thing most people do when they read a book.

The Question Book Method

Whenever you’re reading something that you want to remember, take notes. Except, don’t take notes which summarize the main points you want to recall. Instead, take notes which ask questions.

If you wanted to do it with this email, you could write down the question, “Q: What are the two different memory processes?” and the answer would be “A: Recall and recognition.”

Take these numbers, for example:

21 36 90

They’re not that difficult to memorize, but someone using a PAO system would imagine something like Jack Nicholson throwing burning matches at a bus.

• Person = Jack Nicholson
• Action = Throwing matches
• Object = Bus

Briefly, 21 is Jack Nicholson for me because in the Major:

• 2 = N
• 1 = D or T

From these rules, I assigned the word “nut.” Since Jack Nicholson often plays characters who are completely insane (or “nuts”) he strikes me as perfect for that number.

36 used to be a box of matches for me, based on the Major System.

It’s still “match,” but now it’s Mike Tyson in a boxing match. Tyson is the person, boxing is the action and his gloves are the object.

In this way, when I want to memorize a number like 8436, I just have to imagine the blowtorch character from Missing in Action 2 setting Mike Tyson on fire.

Explore The PAO System For Language Learning

When I’ve struggled to come up with associations when learning a language, I always stop. I ask myself what the numbers would be for the word I’m struggling with.

For example, there’s a word in German: faseln. It means to “spout off.”

When I looked at the F and S, I thought of 80. That is an image of… you guessed it:

William Shatner as James T. Kirk with his phaser set to stun. “Eln” would be 52, which is a lion in my PAO system.

But not just any lion. It’s the MGM lion so that the image is vibrant and familiar, not generic.

And imagining Captain Kirk using a phaser on the MGM lion because the lion was “spouting off” a bunch of drivel made it fast, fun and easy to memorize the sound and meaning of that word.

PAO system [ edit ]

Further information: Person-Action-Object

The Person-Action-Object (PAO) system is the most complex.^[3] It associates all numbers 00-99 with a distinctive person, action and object. Any six-digit number can be memorized by using the person assigned the first two digits, the action of the next two digits and the object of the third.^[3] For example:

• The number 34 could be a person named Frank Sinatra.
• 13 could be the action of kicking.
• 79 could be a cape.

This would make the number 341379, Frank Sinatra kicking a cape.

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