on 29-Sep-2017 (Fri)

os médicos Oribásio e Sorano de Éfeso recomendavam, por sua vez, a idade de quatorze ou quinze anos, respectivamente, como limites máximos para o inicio dos estudos (Galeno, XIX, 59; Oribásio, Syn. 5, 14). Esse tema parece ter tido certa importância na Antigüidade

Segundo Ducatillon, essas "vocações" tardias, relativamente comuns em Roma, a partir da segunda metade do século I a.c., eram guiadas tão-somente pelo interesse financeiro

mnemonic strategies organise and integrate the transformation of information which is difficult to remember into something that is more meaningful for individuals to recall at a later date by using associations between the new item of information and the one previously learned in long term memory.

increasing use of computer technology in education (e.g., e-learning, comput- erized tutors, and learning management systems) could make it easier for students to engage in spaced retrieval practice that is adaptive or personalized to their individual needs

At the end of the 19th century, William James (1899) exhorted teachers to encourage spaced practice in their students: You now see why “cramming” must be so poor a mode of study. Cramming seeks to stamp things in by intense application immediately before the ordeal. But a thing thus learned can form but few associations. On the other hand, the same thing recurring on different days, in different contexts, read, recited on, referred to again and again, related to other things and reviewed, gets well wrought into the mental structure. This is the reason why you should enforce on your pupils habits of continuous application. (p. 129)

Even though everyday cultural practices are as varied as a native speaker’s use of language in everyday life, the focus is on the typical, sometimes stereotypical, behaviors, foods, celebrations and customs of the dominant group or of that group of native speakers that is the most salient to foreign eyes. Striking in this concept of culture is the maintenance of the focus on national characteristics and the lack of historical depth.