on 05-Sep-2018 (Wed)

The observation that the universe is expanding has led to the current view that about 14 billion years ago the currently visible universe was concentrated into a point-like region that exploded in an event called the Big Bang .

In particular, the strong force , a short-range but powerful attractive force between nucleons (protons and neutrons), bound these particles together into nuclei.

the electromagnetic force , a relatively weak but long-range force between electric charges, bound electrons to nuclei to form atoms, and the universe acquired the potential for complex chemistry and the existence of life

subatomic particles are distinguished by their atomic number , Z , the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the element.

Many elements have a number of isotopes , which are atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.

These isotopes are distinguished by the mass number , A , which is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

The mass number is also sometimes termed more appropriately the nucleon number .

SHORT TUTORIAL FOR USING CalculiX GraphiX (cgx) AS PREPROCESSOR Conventions in this tutorial: K: keyboard command LMP: press left mouse button LMR: release left mouse button LMPR: press and release the left mouse button MM: press middle mouse button RM: press right mouse button M: move mouse (no pressing or releasing) V: visible result E: press enter **: comment

[imagelink] A Pomodoro kitchen timer, after which the method is named

The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s.^[1] The technique uses a timer to break down work into intervals, traditionally 25 minutes in length, separated by short breaks. These intervals are named pomodoros, the plural in English of the Italian word pomodoro (tomato), after the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that Cirillo used as a university student.^[2][3]

There are six steps in the original technique:

1. Decide on the task to be done.
2. Set the pomodoro timer (traditionally to 25 minutes).^[1]
3. Work on the task.
4. End work when the timer rings and put a checkmark on a piece of paper.^[5]
5. If you have fewer than four checkmarks, take a short break (3–5 minutes), then go to step 2.
6. After four pomodoros, take a longer break (15–30 minutes), reset your checkmark count to zero, then go to step 1.

The stages of planning, tracking, recording, processing and visualizing are fundamental to the technique. In the planning phase, tasks are prioritized by recording them in a "To Do Today" list. This enables users to estimate the effort tasks require. As pomodoros are completed, they are recorded, adding to a sense of accomplishment and providing raw data for subsequent self-observation and improvement.^[1]

For the purposes of the technique, a pomodoro is the interval of time spent working.^[1] After task completion, any time remaining in the Pomodoro is devoted to overlearning. Regular breaks are taken, aiding assimilation. A short (3–5 minutes) rest separates consecutive pomodoros. Four pomodoros form a set. A longer (15–30 minute) rest is taken between sets.^[1][6]

A goal of the technique is to reduce the impact of internal and external interruptions on focus and flow. A pomodoro is indivisible; when interrupted during a pomodoro, either the other activity must be recorded and postponed (inform – negotiate – schedule – call back) or the pomodoro must be abandoned.^[1][6][7]

Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter is on one end, and matter without form is on the other end. The passage of matter into form must be shown in its various stages in the world of nature. To do this is the object of Aristotle's physics, or philosophy of nature. It is important to keep in mind that the passage from form to matter within nature is a movement towards ends or purposes.

The main subject of Aristoteles physics is the scale of being, as a scale of values. What is higher has more advanced principle of form in it. Species on this scale are eternally fixed in their place, and cannot evolve over time. Goes from plants to animals to humans.

To Aristotle, motion is the passage of matter into form, and it is of four kinds:
(1) affecting the substance of a thing, particularly its beginning and its ending;
(2) bringing changes in quality;
(3) bringing changes in quantity;
(4) locomotion, or change of place (most important)