on 05-Dec-2019 (Thu)

Among the statistical approaches, methods included time series models (N = 9 publications), generalized linear models (N = 4), Bayesian networks (N = 2), classification methods (N = 2), survival analysis (N = 1), and a prediction market (N = 1) (Table 1). The mechanistic approaches included compartmental models, which model transitions across various sub-populations (susceptible-infectious-removed [SIR] models and variants) (N = 12 publications); and agent-based models (ABMs), which model exposure, infection, transmission and behaviors for each individual in the population (N = 5) (Table 1).

In any emerging epidemic, underreporting is a critical challenge for ongoing assessment of this epidemic and has had enormous impact on predictions of outbreak size, but also of outbreak impact—for example, in terms of the case-fatality ratio (the proportion of cases that lead to death). Early in any outbreak, this estimate of severity can suffer from imprecise information on both the numerator (if not all deaths due to the infection are identified as such; for example, because health services are overwhelmed caring for the sick) and the denominator (if cases are not reported or, conversely, noncases get reported as cases if they are not laboratory-confirmed). This caused problems early in the H1N1 influenza outbreak first reported in Mexico in 2009, as well as in the current Ebola outbreak. Although level of underreporting can be estimated from retrospective serological studies, it is usually not identifiable in real-time data. These limitations make it almost impossible to make reliable long-term predictions. Thus, modeling results are often based on scenarios in which a pathogen spreads unaltered by behavioral changes or the public health response. This rarely reflects reality, especially in such a devastating outbreak as Ebola, where the situation constantly changes owing to growing awareness in the community, as well as national and international intervention. Careful communication of findings is key, and data and methods of analysis (including code) must be made freely available to the wider research community. Only in this way can reproducibility of analyses and an open exchange of methods and results be ensured for maximal transparency and benefit to public health.

Art. 9º É vedado à União, aos Estados, ao Distrito Federal e aos Municípios:

I - instituir ou majorar tributos sem que a lei o estabeleça, ressalvado, quanto à majoração, o disposto nos artigos 21, 26 e 65;

II - cobrar imposto sobre o patrimônio e a renda com base em lei posterior à data inicial do exercício financeiro a que corresponda;

III - estabelecer limitações ao tráfego, no território nacional, de pessoas ou mercadorias, por meio de tributos interestaduais ou intermunicipais;

IV - cobrar imposto sobre:

a) o patrimônio, a renda ou os serviços uns dos outros;

b) templos de qualquer culto;

c) o patrimônio, a renda ou serviços de partidos políticos e de instituições de educação ou de assistência social, observados os requisitos fixados na Seção II dêste Capítulo;

c) o patrimônio, a renda ou serviços dos partidos políticos, inclusive suas fundações, das entidades sindicais dos trabalhadores, das instituições de educação e de assistência social, sem fins lucrativos, observados os requisitos fixados na Seção II deste Capítulo; (Redação dada pela Lei Complementar nº 104, de 2001)

d) papel destinado exclusivamente à impressão de jornais, periódicos e livros.

UK Finance has been created by combining most of the activities of the Asset Based Finance Association, the British Bankers’ Association, the Council of Mortgage Lenders, Financial Fraud Action UK, Payments UK and the UK Cards Association

UK Finance Contactless Transit Framework

Framework describes how a customer could travel on public transport using an EMV contactless card (or device such as a phone or wearable)

achieve interoperability across regions and transport modes

Model 1, Single Pay-As-You-Go

Model 2, Aggregated Pay-As-You-Go

Model 3, Pre-Purchase

From 2015 – 2017, the UK Cards Association ran the Contactless Transit Project 4 (as part of a wider 2-year programme to increase the use of contactless cards across the UK

A Contactless Transit Working Group was set up. These monthly workshops across the two industries

Transport Focus, the organisation representing passenger and transport user views, was integral to the Project

Secure and transparent payments, which can be seen on the customer’s bank statement or app.

By end H1 2017, EMV mobile payments accounted for around 10% of TfL contactless payments

Ability to travel on different operators using the same device, and without needing to register

6º As pessoas jurídicas de direito público e as de direito privado prestadoras de serviços públicos responderão pelos danos que seus agentes, nessa qualidade, causarem a terceiros, assegurado o direito de regresso contra o responsável nos casos de dolo ou culpa.

Among the statistical approaches, methods included time series models (N = 9 publications), generalized linear models (N = 4), Bayesian networks (N = 2), classification methods (N = 2), survival analysis (N = 1), and a prediction market (N = 1) (Table 1).

The mechanistic approaches included compartmental models, which model transitions across various sub-populations (susceptible-infectious-removed [SIR] models and variants) (N = 12 publications); and agent-based models (ABMs), which model exposure, infection, transmission and behaviors for each individual in the population (N = 5) (Table 1).

spike and slab priors consist of two parts: the spike part and the slab par

The spike part of a spike-and-slab prior governs the probability of a given variable being chosen for the model (i.e., having a non-zero coefficient).

In any emerging epidemic, underreporting is a critical challenge for ongoing assessment of this epidemic and has had enormous impact on predictions of outbreak size, but also of outbreak impact—for example, in terms of the case-fatality ratio (the proportion of cases that lead to death).

Early in any outbreak, estimates of the case-fatality ratio can suffer from imprecise information on both the numerator (if not all deaths due to the infection are identified as such; for example, because health services are overwhelmed caring for the sick) and the denominator (if cases are not reported or, conversely, noncases get reported as cases if they are not laboratory-confirmed).

Although level of underreporting can be estimated from retrospective serological studies, it is usually not identifiable in real-time data. These limitations make it almost impossible to make reliable long-term predictions.

modeling results are often based on scenarios in which a pathogen spreads unaltered by behavioral changes or the public health response. This rarely reflects reality, especially in such a devastating outbreak as Ebola, where the situation constantly changes owing to growing awareness in the community, as well as national and international intervention.