on 16-Dec-2021 (Thu)

We take up a job or activity, but we set up a company.

When sales or prices rise / go up / increase

Prices or sales can fall / go down / decrease slightly, gradually or sharply. If prices don’t rise or fall, they stay the same.

There has been a sharp fall in sales.

We have seen a slight increase in profit.

Profits were £5 million, which is a decrease of 10%.

The price has risen by 10 pence.

Sales fell from 8,000 units to 6,500 units.

Last year the company made a profit of €2 million but this year they could make a loss.

With inflation expected to rise, there are growing fears that interest rates could go up by as much as 2% next year.

由于通货膨胀率预计会上升，人们越来越担心明年的利率可能会上升到2%。

Figures published yesterday show that trade between the two countries has now risen for the fifth year in a row.

昨天公布的数据显示，两国之间的贸易现在已经连续第五年上升了。

Although the value of the pound fell slightly against the dollar yesterday, the news that sales rose in the last quarter has raised hopes that we may be coming out of recession.

尽管昨天英镑对美元的汇率略有下降，但上一季度销售增长的消息使人们对我们可能走出经济衰退产生了希望。

The graph shows sales figures for the last three and a half years.

If you get a bank loan of €500 for one year and the bank charges you 20% interest, how much will you have to pay back to the bank at the end of the year?

如果你在银行贷款500欧元，为期一年，银行向你收取20%的利息，那么在年底你要向银行偿还多少钱？

Many people download their favourite tracks [individual songs from an album] or albums from the Internet.

When groups record an album [put eight or ten songs into one collection] or a single [one song], they do it in a recording studio.

We picked up the keys from the neighbours without any problems.

When you arrive at an airport, the departures board will show you the flight numbers (e.g. BA735), departure times (e.g. 08.40), and destinations.

If it is more than, for example, 20 kilograms, you will have to pay excess baggage.

You also get your boarding card and then you can go through passport control, where someone checks your passport, and into the departure lounge, where you can buy things in the duty-free shop, e.g. cigarettes and perfume.

Then you get off the plane and walk through the terminal building to passport control.

然后你下了飞机，穿过航站楼来到护照检查处。

Stages in goitre formation are:

● Persistent growth stimulation causes diffuse hyperplasia; all lobules are composed of active follicles and iodine uptake is uniform. This is a diffuse hyperplastic goitre, which may persist for a long time but is reversible if stim- ulation ceases.

● Later, as a result of fluctuating stimulation, a mixed pat- tern develops with areas of active lobules and areas of inactive lobules.

● Active lobules become more vascular and hyperplastic until haemorrhage occurs, causing central necrosis and leaving only a surrounding rind of active follicles.

● Necrotic lobules coalesce to form nodules filled either with iodine-free colloid or a mass of new but inactive follicles.

● Continual repetition of this process results in a nodular goitre. Most nodules are inactive, and active follicles are present only in the internodular tissue.

Diffuse hyperplasia corresponds to the first stages of the natu- ral history. The goitre appears in childhood in endemic areas but, in sporadic cases, it usually occurs at puberty when meta- bolic demands are high. If TSH stimulation ceases the goitre may regress, but tends to recur later at times of stress such as pregnancy. The goitre is soft, diffuse and may become large enough to cause discomfort. A colloid goitre is a late stage of diffuse hyperplasia, when TSH stimulation has fallen off and when many follicles are inactive and full of colloid

Nodules are usually multiple, forming a multinodular goitre (Figure 50.11). Occasionally, only one macroscopic nodule is found, but microscopic changes will be present throughout the gland; this is one form of a clinically solitary nodule. Nodules may be colloid or cellular, and cystic degeneration and haemorrhage are common, as is subsequent calcification. Nodules appear early in endemic goitre and later (between 20 and 30 years) in sporadic goitre, although the patient may be unaware of the goitre until his or her late 40s or 50s. All types of simple goitre are more common in the female than in the male owing to the presence of oestrogen receptors in thyroid tissue.

A discrete swelling in an otherwise impalpable gland is termed isolated or solitary, whereas the preferred term is dominant for a similar swelling in a gland with clinical evi- dence of generalised abnormality in the form of a palpable contralateral lobe or generalised mild nodularity.

The importance of discrete swellings lies in the risk of neoplasia compared with other thyroid swellings. Some 15% of isolated swellings prove to be malignant and an additional 30–40% are follicular adenomas. The remain- der are non-neoplastic, largely consisting of areas of colloid degeneration, thyroiditis or cysts. Although the incidence of malignancy or follicular adenoma in clinically dominant swellings is approximately half of that of truly isolated swell- ings, it is substantial and cannot be ignored