BuboFlash - helps with learning

Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

Do you want BuboFlash to help you learning these things? Click here to log in or create user.

Flashcard 1425569877260

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

The theory of the firm focuses on the supply of goods and services by [...].

Answer

profit-maximizing firms

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Reading 15 deals with the theory of the firm, focusing on the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms. That reading provides the basis for understanding the cost side of firms’ profit equation.

Original toplevel document

Study Session 4
quantities. Reading 14 covers the theory of the consumer, which addresses the demand for goods and services by individuals who make decisions to maximize the satisfaction they receive from present and future consumption. Reading 15 deals with the theory of the firm, focusing on the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms. That reading provides the basis for understanding the cost side of firms’ profit equation. Reading 16 completes the picture by addressing revenue and explains the types of markets in which firms sell output. Overall, the study session provides the economic tools fo

Flashcard 1431662628108

Tags

#cfa #cfa-level-1 #economics #microeconomics #reading-14-demand-and-supply-analysis-consumer-demand #section-3-utility-theory #study-session-4

Question

Tom Warren currently has 50 blueberries and 20 peanuts. His marginal rate of substitution of peanuts for blueberries, MRS_pb equals 4, and his indifference curves are strictly convex.

Would Warren would be willing to trade at the rate of 3 of his blueberries in exchange for 1 more peanut?

Answer

MRS_pb = 4 He would be willing to give up 4 blueberries for 1 peanut, at that point.

He would be willing to give up blueberries at a rate less than that, namely, 3-to-1.

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
f peanuts for blueberries, MRS pb equals 4, and his indifference curves are strictly convex. Determine whether Warren would be willing to trade at the rate of 3 of his blueberries in exchange for 1 more peanut. Solution MRS pb = 4 means that Warren would be willing to give up 4 blueberries for 1 peanut, at that point. He clearly would be willing to give up blueberries at a rate less than that, namely, 3-to-1. <body><html>

Original toplevel document

3. UTILITY THEORY: MODELING PREFERENCES AND TASTES
t MRS BW must diminish as he moves toward more bread and less wine—the MRS BW is continuously changing as he moves along his indifference curve. EXAMPLE 2 Understanding the Marginal Rate of Substitution Tom Warren currently has 50 blueberries and 20 peanuts. His marginal rate of substitution of peanuts for blueberries, MRS pb equals 4, and his indifference curves are strictly convex. Determine whether Warren would be willing to trade at the rate of 3 of his blueberries in exchange for 1 more peanut. Suppose that Warren is indifferent between his current bundle and one containing 40 blueberries and 25 peanuts. Describe Warren’s MRS pb evaluated at the new bundle. &#

Flashcard 1432956046604

Tags

#sister-miriam-joseph #trivium

Question

[...] is the genus or class to which man, rabbit, horse, oyster, and every other species of [...] belong because the essence or nature of [...] is the same in all of them.

Answer

Animal

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Animal is the genus or class to which man, rabbit, horse, oyster, and every other species of animal belong because the essence or nature of animal is the same in all of them.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1442125843724

Tags

#cfa-level-1 #factors-that-determine-market-structures #microeconomics #reading-16-the-firm-and-market-structures #section-2-analysis-of-mkt-structures #study-session-4

Question

non-price competition may occur because the few firms in the market feel [...].

Answer

dependent on each other

Each firm fears retaliatory price changes that would reduce total revenue for all of the firms in the market. Therefore, non-price competition becomes a dominant strategy.

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
non-price competition may occur because the few firms in the market feel dependent on each other. Each firm fears retaliatory price changes that would reduce total revenue for all of the firms in the market. Because oligopoly industries have so few firms, each firm feels dependent

Original toplevel document

2. ANALYSIS OF MARKET STRUCTURES
d monopoly is the local electrical power provider. In most cases, the monopoly power provider is allowed to earn a normal return on its investment and prices are set by the regulatory authority to allow that return. 2.2. Factors That Determine Market Structure Five factors determine market structure: The number and relative size of firms supplying the product; The degree of product differentiation; The power of the seller over pricing decisions; The relative strength of the barriers to market entry and exit; and The degree of non-price competition. The number and relative size of firms in a market influence market structure. If there are many firms, the degree of competition increases. With fewer firms supplying a good or service, consumers are limited in their market choices. One extreme case is the monopoly market structure, with only one firm supplying a unique good or service. Another extreme is perfect competition, with many firms supplying a similar product. Finally, an example of relative size is the automobile industry, in which a small number of large international producers (e.g., Ford and Toyota) are the leaders in the global market, and a number of small companies either have market power because they are niche players (e.g., Ferrari) or have little market power because of their narrow range of models or limited geographical presence (e.g., Škoda). In the case of monopolistic competition, there are many firms providing products to the market, as with perfect competition. However, one firm’s product is differentiated in some way that makes it appear better than similar products from other firms. If a firm is successful in differentiating its product, the differentiation will provide pricing leverage. The more dissimilar the product appears, the more the market will resemble the monopoly market structure. A firm can differentiate its product through aggressive advertising campaigns; frequent styling changes; the linking of its product with other, complementary products; or a host of other methods. When the market dictates the price based on aggregate supply and demand conditions, the individual firm has no control over pricing. The typical hog farmer in Nebraska and the milk producer in Bavaria are price takers . That is, they must accept whatever price the market dictates. This is the case under the market structure of perfect competition. In the case of monopolistic competition, the success of product differentiation determines the degree with which the firm can influence price. In the case of oligopoly, there are so few firms in the market that price control becomes possible. However, the small number of firms in an oligopoly market invites complex pricing strategies. Collusion, price leadership by dominant firms, and other pricing strategies can result. The degree to which one market structure can evolve into another and the difference between potential short-run outcomes and long-run equilibrium conditions depend on the strength of the barriers to entry and the possibility that firms fail to recoup their original costs or lose money for an extended period of time and are therefore forced to exit the market. Barriers to entry can result from very large capital investment requirements, as in the case of petroleum refining. Barriers may also result from patents, as in the case of some electronic products and drug formulas. Another entry consideration is the possibility of high exit costs. For example, plants that are specific to a special line of products, such as aluminum smelting plants, are non-redeployable, and exit costs would be high without a liquid market for the firm’s assets. High exit costs deter entry and are therefore also considered barriers to entry. In the case of farming, the barriers to entry are low. Production of corn, soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, and other produce is an easy process to replicate; therefore, those are highly competitive markets. Non-price competition dominates those market structures where product differentiation is critical. Therefore, monopolistic competition relies on competitive strategies that may not include pricing changes. An example of non-price competition is product differentiation through marketing. In other circumstances, non-price competition may occur because the few firms in the market feel dependent on each other. Each firm fears retaliatory price changes that would reduce total revenue for all of the firms in the market. Because oligopoly industries have so few firms, each firm feels dependent on the pricing strategies of the others. Therefore, non-price competition becomes a dominant strategy. Exhibit 1. Characteristics of Market Structure Market Structure Number of Sellers Degree of Product Differentiation Barriers to Entry Pricing Power of Firm Non-price Competition Perfect competition Many Homogeneous/ Standardized Very Low None None Monopolistic competition Many Differentiated Low Some Advertising and Product Differentiation Oligopoly Few Homogeneous/ Standardized High Some or Considerable Advertising and Product Differentiation Monopoly One Unique Product Very High Considerable Advertising From the perspective of the owners of the firm, the most desirable market structure is that with the most control over price, because this control can lead to large profits. Monopoly and oligopoly markets offer the greatest potential control over price; monopolistic competition offers less control. Firms operating under perfectly competitive market conditions have no control over price. From the consumers’ perspective, the most desirable market structure is that with the greatest degree of competition, because prices are generally lower. Thus, consumers would prefer as many goods and services as possible to be offered in competitive markets. As often happens in economics, there is a trade-off. While perfect competition gives the largest quantity of a good at the lowest price, other market forms may spur more innovation. Specifically, there may be high costs in researching a new product, and firms will incur such costs only if they expect to earn an attractive return on their research investment. This is the case often made for medical innovations, for example—the cost of clinical trials and experiments to create new medicines would bankrupt perfectly competitive firms but may be acceptable in an oligopoly market structure. Therefore, consumers can benefit from less-than-perfectly-competitive markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES AND MARKET STRUCTURE A financial analyst aiming to establish market conditions and consequent profitability of incumbent firms should start with the questions framed by Exhibit 1: How many sellers are there? Is the product differentiated? and so on. Moreover, in the case of monopolies and quasi monopolies, the analyst should evaluate the legislative and regulatory framework: Can the company set prices freely, or are there governmental controls? Finally, the analyst should consider the threat of competition from potential entrants. This analysis is often summarized by students of corporate strategy as “Porter’s five forces,” named after Harvard Business School professor Michael E. Porter. His book, Competitive Strategy, presented a systematic analysis of the practice of market strategy. Porter (2008) identified the five forces as: Threat of entry; Power of suppliers; Power of buyers (customers); Threat of substitutes; and Rivalry among existing competitors. It is easy to note the parallels between four of these five forces and the columns in Exhibit 1. The only “orphan” is the power of suppliers, which is not at the core of the theoretical economic analysis of competition, but which has substantial weight in the practical analysis of competition and profitability. Some stock analysts (e.g., Dorsey 2004) use the term “economic moat” to suggest that there are factors protecting the profitability of a firm that are similar to the moats (ditches full of water) that used to protect some medieval castles. A deep moat means that there is little or no threat of entry by invaders, i.e. competitors. It also means that customers are locked in because of high switching costs. <body><html>

Flashcard 1446747966732

Tags

#cfa-level-1 #economics #microeconomics #reading-15-demand-and-supply-analysis-the-firm #section-3-analysis-of-revenue-costs-and-profit #study-session-4

Question

Together, price and quantity constitute the firm’s [...], which becomes the basis for calculating the total, average, and marginal revenue.

Answer

demand curve

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
e market is influenced strictly by price, while non-price factors are not important. Once consumer preferences are established in the market, price determines the quantity demanded by buyers. Together, price and quantity constitute the firm’s demand curve, which becomes the basis for calculating the total, average, and marginal revenue. <body><html>

Original toplevel document

3. ANALYSIS OF REVENUE, COSTS, AND PROFITS
(AR) Marginal Revenue (MR) 0 100 0 — — 1 100 100 100 100 2 100 200 100 100 3 100 300 100 100 4 100 400 100 100 5 100 500 100 100 6 100 600 100 100 7 100 700 100 100 8 100 800 100 100 9 100 900 100 100 10 100 1,000 100 100 The quantity or quantity demanded variable is the amount of the product that consumers are willing and able to buy at each price level. The quantity sold can be affected by the business through such activities as sales promotion, advertising, and competitive positioning of the product that would take place under the market model of imperfect competition. Under perfect competition, however, total quantity in the market is influenced strictly by price, while non-price factors are not important. Once consumer preferences are established in the market, price determines the quantity demanded by buyers. Together, price and quantity constitute the firm’s demand curve, which becomes the basis for calculating the total, average, and marginal revenue. In Exhibit 4, price is the market price as established by the interactions of the market demand and supply factors. Since the firm is a price taker, price is fixed at 100

Flashcard 1447300566284

Tags

#sister-miriam-joseph #trivium

Question

The [...] is merely the [...] with the more definite characteristics of t he latter omitted.

Answer

generic essence

specific essence

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
The generic essence is merely the specific essence with the more definite characteristics of t he latter omitted.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1448438533388

Tags

#sister-miriam-joseph #trivium

Question

Human intellectual powers need [...] to work upon.

Answer

material

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Human intellectual powers need material to work upon.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1480351943948

Tags

#cfa-level-1 #implications-for-financial-analysis #reading-25-understanding-income-statement #revenue-recognition

Question

It is generally possible to qualitatively assess how differences in revenue recognition policies might affect [...].

Answer

financial ratios

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
it is generally possible to characterize the relative conservatism of a company’s policies and to qualitatively assess how differences in policies might affect financial ratios.

Original toplevel document

3.3. Implications for Financial Analysis
estimates. In order to analyze a company’s financial statements, and particularly to compare one company’s financial statements with those of another company, it is helpful to understand any differences in their revenue recognition policies. Although it may not be possible to calculate the monetary effect of differences between particular companies’ revenue recognition policies and estimates, it is generally possible to characterize the relative conservatism of a company’s policies and to qualitatively assess how differences in policies might affect financial ratios. <body><html>

Annotation 1648928361740

In most patients with known struvite stones, removal of the stones is indicated.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648929934604

Question

In most patients with known [...] stones, removal of the stones is indicated.

Answer

struvite

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
In most patients with known struvite stones, removal of the stones is indicated.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648931769612

occur only when ammonium production is increased, which elevates the urine pH and decreases the solubility of phosphate

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648933342476

Question

how struvate stones performed ?

Answer

occur only when ammonium production is increased, which elevates the urine pH and decreases the solubility of phosphate

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
occur only when ammonium production is increased, which elevates the urine pH and decreases the solubility of phosphate

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648935701772

chronic upper urinary tract infection (UTI) with a urease-producing organism, such as Proteus or Klebsiella. Struvite stones can grow rapidly and become large, filling the entire renal pelvis and taking on a characteristic “staghorn” shape.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648937274636

Question

chronic upper urinary tract infection (UTI) with a urease-producing organism, such as [...]. Struvite stones can grow rapidly and become large, filling the entire renal pelvis and taking on a characteristic “staghorn” shape.

Answer

Proteus or Klebsiella

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
chronic upper urinary tract infection (UTI) with a urease-producing organism, such as Proteus or Klebsiella. Struvite stones can grow rapidly and become large, filling the entire renal pelvis and taking on a characteristic “staghorn” shape.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648938847500

Question

Answer

staghorn

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
pper urinary tract infection (UTI) with a urease-producing organism, such as Proteus or Klebsiella. Struvite stones can grow rapidly and become large, filling the entire renal pelvis and taking on a characteristic “staghorn” shape.<body><html>

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648940420364

HIV infection is typically associated with the collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; in the early stages, antiretroviral therapy and angiotensin system blockers may halt disease progression.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648941993228

Question

HIV infection is typically associated with the collapsing form of [...]; in the early stages, antiretroviral therapy and angiotensin system blockers may halt disease progression.

Answer

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
HIV infection is typically associated with the collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; in the early stages, antiretroviral therapy and angiotensin system blockers may halt disease progression.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648943566092

FSGS may also be secondary to another process, including hyperfiltration injury to the glomerulus as may occur in chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and conditions in which kidney mass is reduced (progressive kidney disease, obesity, sickle cell disease, reflux nephropathy, or after nephrectomy). Direct injury to podocytes may also cause FSGS as seen with certain drugs (pamidronate, interferon) and infections, including HIV.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648945138956

Question

FSGS may also be secondary to another process, including hyperfiltration injury to the glomerulus as may occur in chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and conditions in which kidney mass is reduced (progressive kidney disease, obesity, [...] disease, reflux nephropathy, or after nephrectomy). Direct injury to podocytes may also cause FSGS as seen with certain drugs (pamidronate, interferon) and infections, including HIV.

Answer

sickle cell

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
lso be secondary to another process, including hyperfiltration injury to the glomerulus as may occur in chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and conditions in which kidney mass is reduced (progressive kidney disease, obesity, sickle cell disease, reflux nephropathy, or after nephrectomy). Direct injury to podocytes may also cause FSGS as seen with certain drugs (pamidronate, interferon) and infections, includi

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648946711820

Question

Answer

interferon

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
conditions in which kidney mass is reduced (progressive kidney disease, obesity, sickle cell disease, reflux nephropathy, or after nephrectomy). Direct injury to podocytes may also cause FSGS as seen with certain drugs (pamidronate, interferon) and infections, including HIV. <body><html>

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648948284684

Question

Answer

HIV

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
ed (progressive kidney disease, obesity, sickle cell disease, reflux nephropathy, or after nephrectomy). Direct injury to podocytes may also cause FSGS as seen with certain drugs (pamidronate, interferon) and infections, including HIV. <body><html>

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648949857548

Hepatitis B is typically associated with membranous glomerulopathy, and hepatitis C with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648951430412

Question

Hepatitis B is typically associated with [...], and hepatitis C with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

Answer

membranous glomerulopathy

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Hepatitis B is typically associated with membranous glomerulopathy, and hepatitis C with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648953003276

Question

Hepatitis B is typically associated with membranous glomerulopathy, and hepatitis C with [...] glomerulonephritis

Answer

cryoglobulinemic

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Hepatitis B is typically associated with membranous glomerulopathy, and hepatitis C with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648954576140

reponemal antibody test is used to test for syphilis, which is typically associated with membranous nephropathy

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648956149004

Question

reponemal antibody test is used to test for syphilis, which is typically associated with [...] nephropathy

Answer

membranous

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
reponemal antibody test is used to test for syphilis, which is typically associated with membranous nephropathy

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648958246156

Urgent serologic evaluation and kidney biopsy are indicated to diagnose the cause of glomerulonephritis and guide management.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648960081164

Question

Urgent serologic evaluation and [...] are indicated to diagnose the cause of glomerulonephritis and guide management.

Answer

kidney biopsy

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Urgent serologic evaluation and kidney biopsy are indicated to diagnose the cause of glomerulonephritis and guide management.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648961654028

Question

Urgent serologic evaluation and kidney biopsy are indicated to diagnose the cause of [...] and guide management.

Answer

glomerulonephritis

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Urgent serologic evaluation and kidney biopsy are indicated to diagnose the cause of glomerulonephritis and guide management.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648963226892

Overcorrection of chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome and should be reversed using desmopressin with 5% dextrose.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648964799756

Question

Overcorrection of chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with the development of [...] syndrome and should be reversed using desmopressin with 5% dextrose.

Answer

osmotic demyelination

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Overcorrection of chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome and should be reversed using desmopressin with 5% dextrose.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648966372620

Question

Overcorrection of chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome and should be reversed using [...].

Answer

desmopressin with 5% dextrose

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Overcorrection of chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is associated with the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome and should be reversed using desmopressin with 5% dextrose.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648968207628

Overcorrection is considered to be an increase of >8.0 mEq/L (8.0 mmol/L) of the serum sodium within the first 24 hours or >16 mEq/L (16 mmol/L) within the first 48 hours

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648969780492

Question

Overcorrection is considered to be an increase of >[...] of the serum sodium within the first 24 hours or >16 mEq/L (16 mmol/L) within the first 48 hours

Answer

8.0 mEq/L (8.0 mmol/L)

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Overcorrection is considered to be an increase of >8.0 mEq/L (8.0 mmol/L) of the serum sodium within the first 24 hours or >16 mEq/L (16 mmol/L) within the first 48 hours

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648971353356

Question

Overcorrection is considered to be an increase of >8.0 mEq/L (8.0 mmol/L) of the serum sodium within the first 24 hours or >[...] within the first 48 hours

Answer

16 mEq/L (16 mmol/L)

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Overcorrection is considered to be an increase of >8.0 mEq/L (8.0 mmol/L) of the serum sodium within the first 24 hours or >16 mEq/L (16 mmol/L) within the first 48 hours

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648973188364

For patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, screening for intracranial cerebral aneurysms using MR angiography is only recommended for those with a family history of aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage, those with a previous rupture, or those with high-risk occupations in which a rupture would affect the lives of others.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648974761228

Question

For patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, screening for intracranial cerebral aneurysms using MR angiography is only recommended for those with [...].

Answer

a family history of aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage, those with a previous rupture, or those with high-risk occupations in which a rupture would affect the lives of others

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
For patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, screening for intracranial cerebral aneurysms using MR angiography is only recommended for those with a family history of aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage, those with a previous rupture, or those with high-risk occupations in which a rupture would affect the lives of others.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648976334092

The initial treatment of asymptomatic patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion includes management of the underlying cause if possible and fluid restriction without limiting sodium intake.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648977906956

Question

The initial treatment of asymptomatic patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion includes management of the underlying cause if possible and [...] without limiting sodium intake.

Answer

fluid restriction

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
The initial treatment of asymptomatic patients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion includes management of the underlying cause if possible and fluid restriction without limiting sodium intake.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648979479820

She is euvolemic and has hyponatremia with a decreased plasma osmolality and an inappropriately increased urine osmolality. This clinical and laboratory presentation is highly suggestive of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648981052684

Question

She is euvolemic and has hyponatremia with a decreased plasma osmolality and an inappropriately increased urine osmolality. This clinical and laboratory presentation is highly suggestive of the [...]

Answer

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
She is euvolemic and has hyponatremia with a decreased plasma osmolality and an inappropriately increased urine osmolality. This clinical and laboratory presentation is highly suggestive of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648983149836

Rapid normalization of this patient's serum sodium with hypertonic saline would place her at risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome, which may result in severe neurologic symptoms such as paraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and locked-in syndrome.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648984722700

Question

Rapid normalization of this patient's serum sodium with hypertonic saline would place her at risk for [...] syndrome, which may result in severe neurologic symptoms such as paraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and locked-in syndrome.

Answer

osmotic demyelination

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Rapid normalization of this patient's serum sodium with hypertonic saline would place her at risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome, which may result in severe neurologic symptoms such as paraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and locked-in syndrome.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1648986295564

Question

Rapid normalization of this patient's serum sodium with hypertonic saline would place her at risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome, which may result in severe neurologic symptoms such as [...]

Answer

paraplegia, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, and locked-in syndrome.

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1648994159884

Multiplication Rule of Counting.

#reading-9-probability-concepts

If one task can be done in n₁ ways, and a second task, given the first, can be done in n₂ways, and a third task, given the first two tasks, can be done in n₃ ways, and so on for k tasks, then the number of ways the ktasks can be done is (n₁)(n₂)(n₃) … (n_k).

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

Flashcard 1648995994892

Tags

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Question

[...] =n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)…1

Answer

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Flashcard 1648998092044

Tags

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Question

4! = [...]

Answer

4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Flashcard 1648999927052

Tags

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Question

By convention, 0! = [...]

Answer

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Annotation 1649001762060

#reading-9-probability-concepts

The shortest explanation of n factorial is that it is the number of ways to order n objects in a row. In all the problems to which we apply this counting method, we must use up all the members of a group (sampling without replacement).

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

Annotation 1649004383500

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Multinomial Formula (General Formula for Labeling Problems). The number of ways that n objects can be labeled with kdifferent labels, with n₁ of the first type, n₂ of the second type, and so on, with n₁ + n₂ + … + n_k = n, is given by

\(n!\over n1!n2!…nk!\)

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

Flashcard 1649007004940

Tags

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Question

The multinomial formula with two different labels (k = 2) is especially important. This special case is called the [...]

Answer

combination formula.

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Annotation 1649009888524

Oral demeclocycline results in renal resistance to antidiuretic hormone and can be effective in treating patients with SIADH. However, it has been associated with acute kidney injury and is generally reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. It should be used with caution in patients with preexisting kidney or liver disease.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649011461388

Question

Oral demeclocycline results in renal resistance to antidiuretic hormone and can be effective in treating patients with SIADH. However, it has been associated with acute [...] and is generally reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. It should be used with caution in patients with preexisting kidney or liver disease.

Answer

kidney injury

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Oral demeclocycline results in renal resistance to antidiuretic hormone and can be effective in treating patients with SIADH. However, it has been associated with acute kidney injury and is generally reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. It should be used with caution in patients with preexisting kidney or liver disease.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649013034252

Question

Oral demeclocycline results in renal resistance to antidiuretic hormone and can be effective in treating patients with [...]. However, it has been associated with acute kidney injury and is generally reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. It should be used with caution in patients with preexisting kidney or liver disease.

Answer

SIADH

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649014607116

Question

Answer

kidney or liver

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
can be effective in treating patients with SIADH. However, it has been associated with acute kidney injury and is generally reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. It should be used with caution in patients with preexisting kidney or liver disease.<body><html>

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649016179980

Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist, results in the excretion of electrolyte free water and is effective in raising the serum sodium in patients with SIADH. It should be used with caution in the treatment of severe, symptomatic hyponatremia,

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649017752844

Question

Tolvaptan, a [...] receptor antagonist, results in the excretion of electrolyte free water and is effective in raising the serum sodium in patients with SIADH. It should be used with caution in the treatment of severe, symptomatic hyponatremia,

Answer

vasopressin

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist, results in the excretion of electrolyte free water and is effective in raising the serum sodium in patients with SIADH. It should be used with caution

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649019325708

Question

Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist, results in the excretion of electrolyte free water and is effective in raising the serum sodium in patients with [...]. It should be used with caution in the treatment of severe, symptomatic hyponatremia,

Answer

SIADH

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649021160716

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is associated with clinical euvolemia, hypo-osmolar hyponatremia, and urine osmolality inappropriately greater than plasma osmolality.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649022733580

Question

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is associated with clinical euvolemia, hy[...]-osmolar hyponatremia, and urine osmolality inappropriately greater than plasma osmolality.

Answer

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is associated with clinical euvolemia, hypo-osmolar hyponatremia, and urine osmolality inappropriately greater than plasma osmolality.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649024306444

Question

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is associated with clinical euvolemia, hypo-osmolar hyponatremia, and urine osmolality inappropriately [...] than plasma osmolality.

Answer

greater

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649025879308

he most common renal consequence of chronic lithium ingestion is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; this disorder presents with polyuria and hypernatremia,

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649027452172

Question

he most common renal consequence of chronic lithium ingestion is nephrogenic [...]; this disorder presents with polyuria and hypernatremia,

Answer

diabetes insipidus

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
he most common renal consequence of chronic lithium ingestion is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; this disorder presents with polyuria and hypernatremia,

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649029025036

Question

he most common renal consequence of chronic lithium ingestion is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; this disorder presents with polyuria and [...],

Answer

hypernatremia

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
he most common renal consequence of chronic lithium ingestion is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; this disorder presents with polyuria and hypernatremia,

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649030597900

Primary polydipsia presents with hyponatremia, decreased plasma osmolality, and decreased urine osmolality, reflecting suppressed ADH levels in response to water overload.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649032170764

Question

Primary polydipsia presents with hyponatremia, [...] plasma osmolality, and decreased urine osmolality, reflecting suppressed ADH levels in response to water overload.

Answer

decreased

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Primary polydipsia presents with hyponatremia, decreased plasma osmolality, and decreased urine osmolality, reflecting suppressed ADH levels in response to water overload.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649033743628

Question

Primary polydipsia presents with hyponatremia, decreased plasma osmolality, and [...] urine osmolality, reflecting suppressed ADH levels in response to water overload.

Answer

decreased

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Primary polydipsia presents with hyponatremia, decreased plasma osmolality, and decreased urine osmolality, reflecting suppressed ADH levels in response to water overload.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649035316492

Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis results from a defect in urine acidification in the distal tubule with impaired excretion of hydrogen ions.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649036889356

Question

Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis results from a defect in [...] in the distal tubule with impaired excretion of hydrogen ions.

Answer

urine acidification

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis results from a defect in urine acidification in the distal tubule with impaired excretion of hydrogen ions.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649038462220

Question

Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis results from a defect in urine acidification in the distal tubule with impaired [...].

Answer

excretion of hydrogen ions

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis results from a defect in urine acidification in the distal tubule with impaired excretion of hydrogen ions.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649040035084

patients develop a metabolic acidosis with compensatory hyperchloremia, resulting in a normal anion gap (8 mEq/L [8 mmol/L] in this patient) and the inability to acidify urine below a pH of 6.0, even after an acid load.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649041607948

Question

what happens in RTA 1 ?

Answer

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
patients develop a metabolic acidosis with compensatory hyperchloremia, resulting in a normal anion gap (8 mEq/L [8 mmol/L] in this patient) and the inability to acidify urine below a pH of 6.0, even after an acid load.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649043967244

cause potassium wasting, and the increased proximal resorption of citrate that occurs with metabolic acidosis leads to hypocitraturia and increased risk of calcium phosphate kidney stones and nephrocalcinosis.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649045540108

Question

how the RTA 1 can increase the risk of developing calcium phosphate stone ?

Answer

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
cause potassium wasting, and the increased proximal resorption of citrate that occurs with metabolic acidosis leads to hypocitraturia and increased risk of calcium phosphate kidney stones and nephrocalcinosis.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649048161548

Type 2 (proximal) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, glycosuria (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649049734412

Question

Type 2 (proximal) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a [...] anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, glycosuria (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.

Answer

normal

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
Type 2 (proximal) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, glycosuria (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649051307276

Question

Type 2 (proximal) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, [...]kalemia, glycosuria (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.

Answer

hypo

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649052880140

Question

Type 2 (proximal) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, [...] (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.

Answer

glycosuria

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649054453004

Question

Answer

phosphate

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
) RTA involves a defect in regenerating bicarbonate in the proximal tubule and is characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, glycosuria (without hyperglycemia), low- molecular-weight proteinuria, and renal phosphate wasting.<body><html>

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649056025868

distal urine acidification mechanisms are intact, and the urine pH is usually less than 5.5 without alkali therapy

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649057598732

Question

what about urine acidification and urine PH in RTA 2 ?

Answer

distal urine acidification mechanisms are intact, and the urine pH is usually less than 5.5 without alkali therapy

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
distal urine acidification mechanisms are intact, and the urine pH is usually less than 5.5 without alkali therapy

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Annotation 1649059958028

this risk of graft loss and overall mortality increase with the length of dialysis prior to transplant

status	not read	reprioritisations
last reprioritisation on		suggested re-reading day
started reading on		finished reading on

pdf

cannot see any pdfs

Flashcard 1649061530892

Question

this risk of graft loss and overall mortality increase with the length of [...] prior to transplant

Answer

dialysis

status	not learned	measured difficulty	37% [default]	last interval [days]
repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Open it
this risk of graft loss and overall mortality increase with the length of dialysis prior to transplant

Original toplevel document (pdf)

cannot see any pdfs

Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 06-Aug-2017 (Sun)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

pdf

Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

Parent (intermediate) annotation