on 26-Apr-2018 (Thu)

Degrees of plausibility are represented by real numbers

We make the not essential but very convenient assumption that the plausibility function is continuous, monotonous, and increasing

Whenever a proposition is conditonal on multiple other propositions, it is understood that those conditioned propositions are mutually compatible.

This is easily understandable but also easily fallible.

we should never ask our robot to reason from impossible or mutually contradictory premises

Our robot should manifest sense of direction that qualitatively corresponds to common sense,

If a conclusion can be reasoned out in more than one way, then every possible way must lead to the same result

The robot should always takes into account all relevant evidence to a question

Our robot should always represents equivalent states of knowledge by equivalent plausibility assignments.

our "common sense" toward any given proposition is usually multidimensional

The multidimensionality of human common sense makes the most familiar examples of mental activity the most difficult to reproduce by a model.

the fact that computers never get confused by emotional factors, never get bored with a lengthy problem, never get motivated by hidden motives opposed to ours, that makes them safer agents than men for carrying out certain tasks

Is it possible to develop a consistent ‘one-dimensional’ model of plausible reasoning?

ordinary language is more complicated in its rules and has consequently richer possibilities of expression than we allow ourselves in formal logic

nuances are means of implying something without actually stating it

The equal sign in logic and computer science has totally different meanings

the verb ‘is’ can lead either an attribute or an equality

Common language (like english) often disguises epistemological statements as ontological.

mind projection fallacy interprets epistemological statements in the ontological sense

von Neumann’s principle applies; a robot will only be able to do nuance recognition when humans have defined what they exactly are

programmming a computer defines a set of expected behaviors from the robot

any adhockery which conflicts with the rules of probability theory must generate demonstrable inconsistencies when we try to apply it beyond some restricted area. Our aim is to avoid this by developing the general principles of inference once and for all, directly from the requirement of consistency, and in a form applicable to any problem of plausible inference that is formulated in a sufficiently unambiguous way

The set of rules and symbols that we have called ‘Boolean algebra’ is sometimes called ‘the propositional calculus’. The term seems to be used only for the purpose of adding that we need also another set of rules and symbols called ‘the predicate calculus ’. However , these new symbols prove to be only abbreviations for short and familiar phrases. The ‘universal quantifier’ is only an abbreviation for ‘for all’; the ‘existential quantifier’ is an abbreviation for ‘there is a’

The method reductio ad absurdum proves a proposition by deriving a contradiction from its denial

Our experience is consistent with this conjecture; in practice, multiple-valued logics seem to be used not to find new useful results, but rather in attempts to remove supposed difficulties with two-valued logic, particularly in quantum theory, fuzzy sets, and artificial intelligence. But on closer study, all such difficulties known to us have proved to be only examples of the mind projection fallacy, calling for direct revision of the concepts rather than a new logic

adhockeries can lead to demonstrable inconsistencies when applied beyond their restricted area

Plausible reasoning aims to develope general, consistent, and unambiguous principless for inference

The ‘universal quantifier’ is only an abbreviation for ‘for all’

the ‘existential quantifier’ is an abbreviation for ‘there is a’

the predicate calculus consists of the propositional calculus plus some quantifiers phrases

conda remove -n flowers --all

Delete an environment

Latinizing the names of Chinese thinkers (Kongfuzi into [...] , Mengzi into [...] ), they created Laocius out of Laozi and inte grated his ideas into a We

conda env export > puppies.yml

Save current environment to a file

conda env create -f puppies.yml

Load environment from a file

in the context of data storage, serialization translates data structures into a format that can be stored or transmitted and reconstructed later

YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) is a human-readable data serialization language.

conda info --envs

conda info -e

Get a list of all my environments

e the best philosophy in every culture. When the ancient philosopher Diogenes was asked what city he came from, he replied: ‘I am a citizen of the world

uch as Confucius and his later follower Mengzi (fourth century BCE) about important matters of state.

One of the major Western philosophers who read with fascination Jesuit accounts of Chinese philosophy was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). He was stunned by the apparent correspondence between binary arithmetic (which he invented, and which became the mathematical basis for all computers) and the I Ching , or Book of Changes , the Chinese classic that symbolically represents the structure of the Universe via sets of broken and unbroken lines, essentially 0s and 1s. (In the 20th century, the psychoanalyst Carl Jung was so impressed with the I Ching that he wrote a philosophical foreword to a translation of i t.

Western philosophy used to be more open-minded and cosmopolitan. The first major translation into a European language of the Analects, the saying of Confucius (551-479 BCE), was done by [...] , who had extensive exposure to the Aristotelian tradition as part of their rigorous training.

One of the major Western philosophers who read with fascination Jesuit accounts of Chinese philosophy was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). He was stunned by the apparent correspondence between [...] or Book of Changes , the Chinese classic that symbolically represents the structure of the Universe via sets of broken and unbroken lines, essentially 0s and 1s. (In the 20th century, the psychoanalyst Carl Jung was so impressed with the I Ching that he wrote a philosophical foreword to a translation of i t.

Kant himself was notoriously racist. He treated race as a [...] – arranged them in a hierarchical order:

Those of us who are specialists on Chinese philosophy are particularly aware of Kant’s disdain for Confucius: ‘ Philosophy is not to b [...] … Their teacher Confucius teaches in his writings nothing outside a moral doctrine designed for the princes … and offers examples of former Chinese princes.

As an [...] [...] nguage (rather than something that evolved over time), Go benefits developers in multiple ways, including garbage collection, native concurrency

Sick,” in this context, had nothing to do with the word meaning “ill,” but rather was simply a dialectal variant of [...] which used to sometimes carry the connotation of seeking with the intent to attack. (This sense of the word “seek” was used as far back as around AD 1000 in the work, Beowulf.)

Stress in French words always falls on the last pronounced syllable

letter combinations ô, ot, eau are all pronounced as /o/: In the following words, the vowel sound is the same: tôt (toh) (early), lot (loh) (prize, batch), eau (oh) (water).

Det er i hovedsak to typer myndigheter i fylkene: den folkevalgte ledelsen av fylkeskommunen, og fylkesmannen – som er statens representant. I tillegg finnes fylkesnemnda for barnevern og sosiale saker