on 16-Jul-2022 (Sat)

Recognizing relevant patterns in long input streams (> 100 actions) can turn out to be difficult for the human mind. To achieve better explainability, in many e-commerce applications consumer behavior can be viewed on the level of sessions. A session is a well-defined visit of a consumer to a web- shop: a subsequence of events within the consumer’s history that lay no further apart than a predefined time difference. Here, we split sequences of events into different sessions if there is a time gap of more than 30 minutes in-between subsequent events.

The challenge to derive such individual-level predictions is particularly demanding in the context of non-contractual settings (such as most retail businesses, online media consumption, charity donations). Contrary to subscription-based or contractual settings where customer ‘‘churn” events are directly observable, customer defection in non-contractual business settings is by definition unobserved by the firm and thus needs to be indirectly inferred from past transaction behavior (Reinartz & Kumar, 2000; Gupta et al., 2006). The specific challenge in such settings is to accurately and timely inform managers on the subtle distinction between a pending defection event (i.e., a customer stops doing business with the focal firm) and an extended period of inactivity of their customers, because possible marketing implications are completely different in each of these situations.

What would we expect from customers like the first ten individuals 1001–1010, who started out as occasional benefactors, but through an evolving relationship with the firm have developed a more regular transaction behavior? Will they continue this trend; will they eventually turn into the firm’s premium customers? Conversely, how about the next ten individuals 1011–1020, who have all made a number of transactions historically, but recently have been on an unusually long hiatus? Is the customer-firm relationship at risk and are these customers potential defectors? A timely response is critical in such a situation, because it is generally easier to regain a customer before their new relationship with a competitor has consolidated

This paper proposes a new model for RFM prediction of customers based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with rectified linear unit activation function. The model utilizes an auto-encoder to represent features of input parameters (i.e. customer loyalty number, R, F, and M).

Customer Shopping Pattern Prediction- A Recurrent Neural Network Approach.pdf, p6

The challenge to derive such individual-level predictions is particularly demanding in the context of non-contractual settings (such as most retail businesses, online media consumption, charity donations).

Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن يوسف بن نصر ‎; 1195 – 22 January 1273), also known as Ibn al-Aḥmar (Arabic: ابن الأحمر , "Ginger") and by his honorific al-Ghalib billah (Arabic: الغالب بالله , "The Victor by the Grace of God"),^[2][3] was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada

was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada , the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula

Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially Portugal, Castile and Aragon—were expanding at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia, called Al-Andalus.

Muhammad ibn Yusuf took power in his native Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto leader of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud.

Beginning around 10,000 BCE, the Neolithic Revolution marked the development of agriculture

Cereal crop cultivation and animal domestication had occurred in the Middle East by at least 8500 BCE in the form of wheat, barley, sheep, and goats.

In the Indus Valley, crops were cultivated and cattle were domesticated by 6000 BCE.

The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE

the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BCE.

In the Americas, sunflowers were cultivated by about 4000 BCE, and maize and beans were domesticated in Central America by 3500 BCE.

Metalworking was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BCE. Gold soon followed, primarily for use in ornaments.

The first signs of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, date to around 2500 BCE, but the alloy did not become widely used until much later.

Early proto-cities appeared at Jericho and Çatalhöyük around 6000 BCE.^[40]

Early civilizations arose first in Lower Mesopotamia (3000 BCE)

followed by Egyptian civilization along the Nile River (3000 BCE)

the Harappan civilization in the Indus River Valley (in present-day India and Pakistan; 2500 BCE)

Chinese civilization along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers (2200 BCE).

Sumer, located in Mesopotamia, is the first known complex civilization

Cuneiform is the earliest writing system.

cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE.

In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe.

In the 25th – 21st centuries BCE, the empires of Akkad and Sumer arose in Mesopotamia

By 1600 BCE, Mycenaean Greece began to develop

Beginning in the 8th century BCE, the "Axial Age" saw the development of a set of transformative philosophical and religious ideas, mostly independently, in many different places.

Chinese Confucianism, Indian Buddhism and Jainism, and Jewish monotheism are all claimed by some scholars to have developed in the 6th century BCE.

In the East, three schools of thought would dominate Chinese thinking well into the 20th century. These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism.

In China, the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), the first imperial dynasty of China

In China, the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), the first imperial dynasty of China , was followed by the Han Empire (206 BCE – 220 CE).

In Africa, the Kingdom of Aksum, centred in present-day Ethiopia, established itself by the 1st century CE as a major trading empire, dominating its neighbours in South Arabia and Kush and controlling the Red Sea trade.

Jericho is claimed to be the oldest city in the world

Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (to 9000 BCE)

Jericho is described in the Bible as the "city of palm trees".^[

Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 10,000 BCE. During the Younger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was impossible. However, the Ein es-Sultan spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent-shaped microlith tools behind them.

Around 9600 BCE, the droughts and cold of the Younger Dryas stadial had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year-round habitation and permanent settlement.

The earliest excavated settlement was located at the present-day Tell es-Sultan (or Sultan's Hill),

As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). Its cultures lacked pottery, but featured the following:^{[ citation needed ]}

• small circular dwellings
• burial of the dead under the floor of buildings
• reliance on hunting of wild game
• cultivation of wild or domestic cereals

At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) was a period of about 1.4 millennia, from 7220 to 5850 BCE^{[ clarification needed ]} (though carbon-14-dates are few and early). The following are PPNB cultural features:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Expanded range of domesticated plants
• Possible domestication of sheep
• Apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster, and eyes set with shells in some cases

After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture.

During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE.

It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north.

Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt.^[41][40][42] Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.^[43] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.^[41]

After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,^[41] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.^[43] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.

In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire

when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.^[44] One of these forts, built at the entrance to Wadi Qelt, was later refortified by Herod the Great, who named it Kypros after his mother.^[45]

After the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or Hasmonean and Early Roman or Herodian periods was established as a garden city in the vicinity of the royal estate at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq and expanded greatly thanks to the intensive exploitation of the springs of the area.

The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group (kohanim) from the tribe of Levi,

The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group ( kohanim ) from the tribe of Levi , who ruled over Judea following the success of the Maccabean Revolt until Roman influence over the region brought Herod to claim the Hasmonean throne.

Herod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony had given it to her as a gift.

After their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod absolute rule over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain.