on 18-Jul-2017 (Tue)

risk for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), and administration of intravenous isotonic saline (1-1.5 mL/kg/h) 3 to 12 hours before the procedure and continued for 6 to 24 hours afterward has been shown to decrease the incidence of CIN in high-risk patients.

Risk factors include age older than 75 years, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, conditions of decreased renal perfusion, and concurrent use of nephrotoxic drugs.

discontinuing omeprazole, repeat kidney function testing in 5 to 7 days is the most appropriate management for this patient with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN).

Drug-induced AIN is characterized by a slowly increasing serum creatinine 7 to 10 days after exposure; however, it can occur within 1 day of exposure if the patient has been exposed previously. Drug-induced AIN can also occur months after exposure, often with NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

AIN may be asymptomatic or present with mild, nonspecific symptoms; only 10% to 30% have the classic triad of fever, rash, and eosinophilia.

A frequency distribution is a tabular display of data categorized into a small number of non-overlapping intervals. Note that:

• Each observation can only lie in one interval.
• The total number of intervals will incorporate the whole population.
• The range for an interval is unique. This means a value (observation) can only fall into one interval.

In a frequency distribution It is important to consider the number of intervals to be used. If too few intervals are used, too much data may be summarized and we may lose important characteristics; if too many intervals are used, we may not summarize enough.

A frequency distribution is constructed by dividing the scores into intervals and counting the number of scores in each interval. The actual number of scores and the percentage of scores in each interval are displayed. This helps in the analysis of large amount of statistical data, and works with all types of measurement scales.

The following steps are required when organizing data into a frequency distribution together with suggestions on constructing the frequency distribution.

• Identify the highest and lowest values of the observations.

• Setup classes (groups into which data is divided). The classes must be mutually exclusive and of equal size.

• Add up the number of observations and assign each observation to its class.

• Count the number of observations in each class. This is called the class frequency.

Discrete: The values in the data set can be counted. There are distinct spaces between the values, such as the number of children in a family or the number of shares comprising an index.

Continuous: The values in the data set can be measured. There are normally lots of decimal places involved and (theoretically, at least) there are no gaps between permissible values (i.e., all values can be included in the data set). Examples would include the height of a person and the time to complete an assignment. These values can be measured using sufficiently accurate tools to numerous decimal places.

I am, of course, particularly curious to find out how these summaries express the plight of Ausländer in Germany. I discover that the students either avoided the topic ‘foreigner’ altogether and described the story as a story of discrimina- tion against a child from‘anethnic minority’, or they tried to coin words impossi- ble in German like ‘first generation German’ or ‘Turco-German’ that reflect their American understanding of the situation. I am starting to see that the silence I experienced in class was more than a linguistic problem; it was a cultural problem.

Miller (1956) established 7 ± 2 items as an estimate of work- ing memory capacity, but this value was later shown to be age dependent, increasing during childhood development and decreasing with ageing

self-reflection and self-consciousness are a poet's way of expressing a need to define his social status and his social role, and to delin- eate a clear relationship with the audience.

The Abbasid age was a period of exploration and questioning in every sense. ... If modernity is to be understood as the breaking down of stereotypes, creating difference, and rebelling against established systems, then the Arabic literary tradition witnessed a "modernist" and metapoetic phase long before the twentieth century.

metapoetic instances also represent the poets' commentaries on the critical frameworks that were dominant at the time.

By calling themselves the Free Verse poets, the pioneers of this movement announced their liberation from the q~Uiah form that had dominated Arabic poetry for centuries.

Measures of central tendency specify where data are centered. They attempt to use a typical value to represent all the observations in the data set.

Population Mean

The population mean is the average for a finite population. It is unique; a given population has only one mean.

where:

• N = the number of observations in the entire population
• X_i = the ith observation
• ΣX_i = add up X_i, where i is from 0 to N

Sample Mean

The sample mean is the average for a sample. It is a statistic and is used to estimate the population mean.

where n = the number of observations in the sample

Arithmetic Mean

The arithmetic mean is what is commonly called the average. The population mean and sample mean are both examples of the arithmetic mean.

• If the data set encompasses an entire population, the arithmetic mean is called a population mean.
• If the data set includes a sample of values taken from a population, the arithmetic mean is called a sample mean.

This is the most widely used measure of central tendency. When the word "mean" is used without a modifier, it can be assumed to refer to the arithmetic mean. The mean is the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores. It is used to measure the prospective (expected future) performance (return) of an investment over a number of periods.

• All interval and ratio data sets (e.g., incomes, ages, rates of return) have an arithmetic mean.
• All data values are considered and included in the arithmetic mean computation.
• A data set has only one arithmetic mean. This indicates that the mean is unique.
• The arithmetic mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is always zero. Deviation from the arithmetic mean is the distance between the mean and an observation in the data set.

The arithmetic mean has the following disadvantages:

• The mean can be affected by extremes, that is, unusually large or small values.
• The mean cannot be determined for an open-ended data set (i.e., n is unknown).

Geometric Mean

The geometric mean has three important properties:

• It exists only if all the observations are greater than or equal to zero. In other words, it cannot be determined if any value of the data set is zero or negative.
• If values in the data set are all equal, both the arithmetic and geometric means will be equal to that value.
• It is always less than the arithmetic mean if values in the data set are not equal.

It is typically used when calculating returns over multiple periods. It is a better measure of the compound growth rate of an investment. When returns are variable by period, the geometric mean will always be less than the arithmetic mean. The more dispersed the rates of returns, the greater the difference between the two. This measurement is not as highly influenced by extreme values as the arithmetic mean.

Weighted Mean

The weighted mean is computed by weighting each observed value according to its importance. In contrast, the arithmetic mean assigns equal weight to each value. Notice that the return of a portfolio is the weighted mean of the returns of indi

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All data values are considered and included in the arithmetic mean computation.