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Flashcard 1433103109388

Tags

#4-3-the-investment-opportunity-set #cfa #cfa-level-1 #economics #has-images #microeconomics #reading-14-demand-and-supply-analysis-consumer-demand #section-5-consumer-equilibrium #study-session-4

Question

Consumer equilibrium is achieved at point a, where [...] while [...]

Answer

the highest indifference curve is attained

not violating the budget constraint.

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Flashcard 1442482883852

Tags

#cfa-level-1 #factors-that-determine-market-structures #microeconomics #reading-16-the-firm-and-market-structures #section-2-analysis-of-mkt-structures #study-session-4

Question

Five factors determine market structure:

The [...] and [...] of firms supplying the product;
The degree of product differentiation;
The power of the seller over pricing decisions;
The relative strength of the barriers to market entry and exit; and
The degree of [...]

Answer

number and relative size

non-price competition.

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Five factors determine market structure: The number and relative size of firms supplying the product; The degree of product differentiation; The power of the seller over pricing decisions; The re

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2. ANALYSIS OF MARKET STRUCTURES
d monopoly is the local electrical power provider. In most cases, the monopoly power provider is allowed to earn a normal return on its investment and prices are set by the regulatory authority to allow that return. 2.2. Factors That Determine Market Structure Five factors determine market structure: The number and relative size of firms supplying the product; The degree of product differentiation; The power of the seller over pricing decisions; The relative strength of the barriers to market entry and exit; and The degree of non-price competition. The number and relative size of firms in a market influence market structure. If there are many firms, the degree of competition increases. With fewer firms supplying a good or service, consumers are limited in their market choices. One extreme case is the monopoly market structure, with only one firm supplying a unique good or service. Another extreme is perfect competition, with many firms supplying a similar product. Finally, an example of relative size is the automobile industry, in which a small number of large international producers (e.g., Ford and Toyota) are the leaders in the global market, and a number of small companies either have market power because they are niche players (e.g., Ferrari) or have little market power because of their narrow range of models or limited geographical presence (e.g., Škoda). In the case of monopolistic competition, there are many firms providing products to the market, as with perfect competition. However, one firm’s product is differentiated in some way that makes it appear better than similar products from other firms. If a firm is successful in differentiating its product, the differentiation will provide pricing leverage. The more dissimilar the product appears, the more the market will resemble the monopoly market structure. A firm can differentiate its product through aggressive advertising campaigns; frequent styling changes; the linking of its product with other, complementary products; or a host of other methods. When the market dictates the price based on aggregate supply and demand conditions, the individual firm has no control over pricing. The typical hog farmer in Nebraska and the milk producer in Bavaria are price takers . That is, they must accept whatever price the market dictates. This is the case under the market structure of perfect competition. In the case of monopolistic competition, the success of product differentiation determines the degree with which the firm can influence price. In the case of oligopoly, there are so few firms in the market that price control becomes possible. However, the small number of firms in an oligopoly market invites complex pricing strategies. Collusion, price leadership by dominant firms, and other pricing strategies can result. The degree to which one market structure can evolve into another and the difference between potential short-run outcomes and long-run equilibrium conditions depend on the strength of the barriers to entry and the possibility that firms fail to recoup their original costs or lose money for an extended period of time and are therefore forced to exit the market. Barriers to entry can result from very large capital investment requirements, as in the case of petroleum refining. Barriers may also result from patents, as in the case of some electronic products and drug formulas. Another entry consideration is the possibility of high exit costs. For example, plants that are specific to a special line of products, such as aluminum smelting plants, are non-redeployable, and exit costs would be high without a liquid market for the firm’s assets. High exit costs deter entry and are therefore also considered barriers to entry. In the case of farming, the barriers to entry are low. Production of corn, soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, and other produce is an easy process to replicate; therefore, those are highly competitive markets. Non-price competition dominates those market structures where product differentiation is critical. Therefore, monopolistic competition relies on competitive strategies that may not include pricing changes. An example of non-price competition is product differentiation through marketing. In other circumstances, non-price competition may occur because the few firms in the market feel dependent on each other. Each firm fears retaliatory price changes that would reduce total revenue for all of the firms in the market. Because oligopoly industries have so few firms, each firm feels dependent on the pricing strategies of the others. Therefore, non-price competition becomes a dominant strategy. Exhibit 1. Characteristics of Market Structure Market Structure Number of Sellers Degree of Product Differentiation Barriers to Entry Pricing Power of Firm Non-price Competition Perfect competition Many Homogeneous/ Standardized Very Low None None Monopolistic competition Many Differentiated Low Some Advertising and Product Differentiation Oligopoly Few Homogeneous/ Standardized High Some or Considerable Advertising and Product Differentiation Monopoly One Unique Product Very High Considerable Advertising From the perspective of the owners of the firm, the most desirable market structure is that with the most control over price, because this control can lead to large profits. Monopoly and oligopoly markets offer the greatest potential control over price; monopolistic competition offers less control. Firms operating under perfectly competitive market conditions have no control over price. From the consumers’ perspective, the most desirable market structure is that with the greatest degree of competition, because prices are generally lower. Thus, consumers would prefer as many goods and services as possible to be offered in competitive markets. As often happens in economics, there is a trade-off. While perfect competition gives the largest quantity of a good at the lowest price, other market forms may spur more innovation. Specifically, there may be high costs in researching a new product, and firms will incur such costs only if they expect to earn an attractive return on their research investment. This is the case often made for medical innovations, for example—the cost of clinical trials and experiments to create new medicines would bankrupt perfectly competitive firms but may be acceptable in an oligopoly market structure. Therefore, consumers can benefit from less-than-perfectly-competitive markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES AND MARKET STRUCTURE A financial analyst aiming to establish market conditions and consequent profitability of incumbent firms should start with the questions framed by Exhibit 1: How many sellers are there? Is the product differentiated? and so on. Moreover, in the case of monopolies and quasi monopolies, the analyst should evaluate the legislative and regulatory framework: Can the company set prices freely, or are there governmental controls? Finally, the analyst should consider the threat of competition from potential entrants. This analysis is often summarized by students of corporate strategy as “Porter’s five forces,” named after Harvard Business School professor Michael E. Porter. His book, Competitive Strategy, presented a systematic analysis of the practice of market strategy. Porter (2008) identified the five forces as: Threat of entry; Power of suppliers; Power of buyers (customers); Threat of substitutes; and Rivalry among existing competitors. It is easy to note the parallels between four of these five forces and the columns in Exhibit 1. The only “orphan” is the power of suppliers, which is not at the core of the theoretical economic analysis of competition, but which has substantial weight in the practical analysis of competition and profitability. Some stock analysts (e.g., Dorsey 2004) use the term “economic moat” to suggest that there are factors protecting the profitability of a firm that are similar to the moats (ditches full of water) that used to protect some medieval castles. A deep moat means that there is little or no threat of entry by invaders, i.e. competitors. It also means that customers are locked in because of high switching costs. <body><html>

Flashcard 1442972830988

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

To design the best learning experiences, we need to understand and respect [...]

Answer

the neuroscience of learning.

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To design the best learning experiences, we need to understand and respect the neuroscience of learning.

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Unknown title
what I learned really changed how I approach training design and delivery. Some of the studies confirmed things I had learned through trial and error long ago, and others completely shifted how I approached my craft. Here are six takeaways. Tip #1: Work with the brain Different parts of the brain play core roles in how a person first learns information, then stores that information into memory, and finally uses that learning to create real and lasting behavior change. If we don't work with the brain and its natural processes, even the most popular or highly rated programs won't deliver in the long run. It is imperative that talent development professionals keep their finger on the pulse of brain science. As researchers learn more about how the brain and nervous system work, it will only enhance the quality of our learning products. The brain structures that are involved in learning include the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the basal ganglia. To design the best learning experiences, we need to understand and respect the neuroscience of learning. Tip #2: Focus is the starting point of learning The hippocampus is the part of the brain that takes in information and moves it to our memory. When it's damaged, people lose access

Flashcard 1644502584588

Tags

#reading-8-statistical-concepts-and-market-returns

Question

Strategies with option elements have [...] returns.

Answer

asymmetric returns

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Flashcard 1646453460236

Tags

#reading-9-probability-concepts

Question

The [...] of a random variable is the expected value of squared deviations from the random variable's expected value.

Answer

variance

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Subject 6. Expected Value, Variance, and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable
interpret expected value is as follows: If a number of such concerts were held, the organizers can expect to achieve a profit of $14,000 for each concert. So expected values actually make more sense when viewed over the long run. The variance of a random variable is the expected value (the probability-weighted average) of squared deviations from the random variable's expected value. σ 2 (X) = E{[X - E(X)] 2 } Variance is a number greater than or equal to 0. If it is 0, there is no dispersion or risk. The outcome

Flashcard 1646695157004

Question

A [...] is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.

Answer

mathematical model

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A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language.

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model+definition+mathematics - Buscar con Google
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model","th":120,"tu":"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q\u003dtbn:ANd9GcSuTdVRcwZOxMfups7ajRrrK7-0wG9HlGQMOjH29i6tYgAjzXEg6rJKMUgH","tw":200} A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. ... A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make pr

Flashcard 1713608985868

Tags

#html #programming

Question

Mayweather en una patineta comiendo capsulas con clingfilm en la espalda y con un plumón apunta en un cuaderno

Answer

HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, wrap, or mark up different parts of the content to make it appear or act a certain way.

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HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, wrap, or mark up different parts of the content to make it appear or act a certain way.

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Getting started with HTML - Learn web development | MDN
is HTML? HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is not a programming language; it is a markup language used to tell your browser how to structure the webpages you visit. It can be as complicated or as simple as the web developer wishes it to be. HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, wrap, or mark up different parts of the content to make it appear or act a certain way. The enclosing tags can make a bit of content into a hyperlink to link to another page on the web, italicize words, and so on. For example, take the following line of content: My cat

Flashcard 1713611345164

Tags

#html #programming

Question

Tony Hawk patinando en tacones con una etiqueta en la cabeza que tiene dibujada una pastrana, otra etiqueta en el cuello que no lo deja respirar, un cinturon con hebilla de contenedor y una patineta gigante.

Answer

The main parts of our element are:

The opening tag
The closing tag
The content
The element

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The main parts of our element are: The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element (in this case, p), wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets . This states where the element begins, or starts to take effect — in this case where the start of the paragraph is. The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends — in this case where the end of the paragraph is. Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error and can lead to strange results. The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text. The element: The opening tag plus the closing tag plus the content equals the element.

Original toplevel document

Getting started with HTML - Learn web development | MDN
d by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in a paragraph tag (

) element:

My cat is very grumpy

Anatomy of an HTML element Let's explore our paragraph element a bit further: The main parts of our element are: The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element (in this case, p), wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets . This states where the element begins, or starts to take effect — in this case where the start of the paragraph is. The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends — in this case where the end of the paragraph is. Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error and can lead to strange results. The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text. The element: The opening tag plus the closing tag plus the content equals the element. Active learning: creating your first HTML element Edit the line below in the Input area by wrapping it with the tags and (put before it to open

Flashcard 1713613704460

Tags

#html #programming

Question

una etiqueta con una pastrana dibujada con una camisetita element colgada de un angel con brackets.

Answer

The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element, wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets. This states where the element begins, or starts to take effect — in this case where the start of the paragraph is.

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Getting started with HTML - Learn web development | MDN
d by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in a paragraph tag (

) element:

My cat is very grumpy

Flashcard 1713616063756

Tags

#html #programming

Question

La cabeza de slash de G&R saliendo del suello con una etiqueta ahorcandola.

Answer

The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends — in this case where the end of the paragraph is. Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error and can lead to strange results.

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The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element (in this case, p), wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets . This states where the element begins, or starts to take effect — in this case where the start of the paragraph is. The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends — in this case where the end of the paragraph is. Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error and can lead to strange results. The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text. The element: The opening tag plus the closing tag plus the content equals the element.<

Original toplevel document

Getting started with HTML - Learn web development | MDN
d by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in a paragraph tag (

) element:

My cat is very grumpy

Flashcard 1713618423052

Tags

#html #programming

Question

un contenedor

Answer

The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text.

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except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends — in this case where the end of the paragraph is. Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error and can lead to strange results. The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text. The element: The opening tag plus the closing tag plus the content equals the element.<body><html>

Original toplevel document

Getting started with HTML - Learn web development | MDN
d by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in a paragraph tag (

) element:

My cat is very grumpy

Annotation 1713622355212

#eutidemo #filosofia #platão

S OCRATES : Then don’t do what you ought not to, Crito, but pay no attention to the practitioners of philosophy, whether good or bad. Rather give serious consideration to the thing itself: if it seems to you negligible, c then turn everyone from it, not just your sons. But if it seems to you to be what I think it is, then take heart, pursue it, practice it, both you and yours, as the proverb says.

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Annotation 1713626287372

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Eutidemo é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso.

No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o sofista Eutidemo se empenha em provar que o pai de Sócrates não é o pai de Sócrates.^{[ 4 ]} Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes.^{[ 5 ]}

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Eutidemo – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Mais informação [imagelink] Eutidemo Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Ir para: navegação, pesquisa Eutidemo (em grego antigo: Εὐθύδημος Euthydemos) escrito por volta de 384 a.C., é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas [1] e manipulação dos discurso. [2] é um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso. [3] No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o sofista Eutidemo se empenha em provar que o pai de Sócrates não é o pai de Sócrates. [4] Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes. [5] Referências Ir para cima ↑ Sprague, R. K. (trans. and ed.), "Introduction" in Plato: Euthydemus (Hackett Publishing, 1993), p.vii. Ir para cima ↑ Letícia de Andrade Pire

Flashcard 1713629170956

Tags

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Question

[...] é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso.

No [...] , Platão transcreve como o sofista [...] se empenha em provar que o pai de Sócrates não é o pai de Sócrates.^{[ 4 ]} Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes.^{[ 5 ]}

Answer

Eutidemo

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Flashcard 1713631530252

Tags

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Question

Eutidemo é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos [...] e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso.

No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o [...] Eutidemo se empenha em provar que o pai de Sócrates não é o pai de Sócrates.^{[ 4 ]} Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes.^{[ 5 ]}

Answer

sofistas

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Eutidemo é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso. No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o sofista Eutidemo se empenha em provar qu

Original toplevel document

Flashcard 1713633889548

Tags

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Question

Eutidemo é um diálogo de Platão que satiriza o que Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo [tipo], ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso.

Answer

aporético

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Flashcard 1713636248844

Tags

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Question

Answer

consenso

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Flashcard 1713638608140

Tags

#filosofia #platão #wiki

Question

No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o sofista Eutidemo se empenha em provar que o [...] de Sócrates não é o [...] de Sócrates.^{[ 4 ]} Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes.^{[ 5 ]}

Answer

pai

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e Platão apresenta como falácias lógicas dos sofistas e manipulação dos discurso. É um diálogo aporético, ou seja, onde não se chega a um consenso. No Eutidemo, Platão transcreve como o sofista Eutidemo se empenha em provar que o pai de Sócrates não é o pai de Sócrates. [ 4 ] Sócrates observa que os bens reconhecidos pelos mortais se transformam em males se administrados por imprudentes. [ 5 ] </sp

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Annotation 1713645948172

#bitcoin

BITCOIN É UMA MOEDA DIGITAL peer-to-peer (par a par ou, sim- plesmente, de ponto a ponto), de código aberto, que não depende de uma autoridade central. Entre muitas outras coisas, o que faz o Bitcoin ser úni- co é o fato de ele ser o primeiro sistema de pagamentos global totalmente descentralizado.

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Annotation 1713648307468

Maria poderia enviar ao João 100 u.m. simplesmente anexando o arquivo de dinheiro em uma mensagem. Mas assim como ocorre com um e-mail, enviar um arquivo como anexo não o remove do computador originador da mensagem eletrônica. Maria reteria a cópia do arquivo após tê-lo enviado anexado à mensagem. Dessa forma, ela poderia facilmente enviar as mesmas 100 u.m. ao Marcos. Em ciên- cia da computação, isso é conhecido como o problema do “gasto duplo”, e, até o advento do Bitcoin, essa questão só poderia ser solucionada por meio de um terceiro de confiança que empregasse um registro histórico de transações.

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Flashcard 1713651977484

Question

Maria poderia enviar ao João 100 u.m. anexando o arquivo de dinheiro em uma mensagem. Mas assim como ocorre com um e-mail, enviar um arquivo como anexo não o remove do computador originador da mensagem eletrônica. Maria reteria a cópia do arquivo após tê-lo enviado anexado à mensagem. Dessa forma, ela poderia facilmente enviar as mesmas 100 u.m. ao Marcos. Em ciência da computação, isso é conhecido como o problema do “[...]”

Answer

gasto duplo

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inador da mensagem eletrônica. Maria reteria a cópia do arquivo após tê-lo enviado anexado à mensagem. Dessa forma, ela poderia facilmente enviar as mesmas 100 u.m. ao Marcos. Em ciên- cia da computação, isso é conhecido como o problema do “gasto duplo”, e, até o advento do Bitcoin, essa questão só poderia ser solucionada por meio de um terceiro de confiança que empregasse um registro histórico de transações.<body></h

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Annotation 1713654336780

Livro-razão é nome dado pelos profissionais de contabilidade ao agrupamento dos registros con- tábeis de uma empresa que usa o método das partidas dobradas. Nele é possível visualizar todas as transações ocorridas em dado período de operação de uma empresa

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Flashcard 1713655909644

Tags

#bitcoin #contabilidade

Question

Livro-[...] é nome dado pelos profissionais de contabilidade ao agrupamento dos registros con- tábeis de uma empresa que usa o método das partidas dobradas. Nele é possível visualizar todas as transações ocorridas em dado período de operação de uma empresa

Answer

razão

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Livro-razão é nome dado pelos profissionais de contabilidade ao agrupamento dos registros con- tábeis de uma empresa que usa o método das partidas dobradas. Nele é possível visualizar todas as tra

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Flashcard 1713657482508

Tags

#bitcoin

Question

Livro-razão é nome dado pelos profissionais de contabilidade ao agrupamento dos registros con- tábeis de uma empresa que usa o método das [...]. Nele é possível visualizar todas as transações ocorridas em dado período de operação de uma empresa

Answer

partidas dobradas

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repetition number in this series	0	memorised on		scheduled repetition
scheduled repetition interval		last repetition or drill

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Annotation 1713661414668

#bitcoin #economia

O valor da moeda não deriva do ouro ou de algum decreto gover- namental, mas do valor que as pessoas lhe atribuem. O valor em reais de um bitcoin é determinado em um mercado aberto, da mesma forma que são estabelecidas as taxas de câmbio entre diferentes moedas mundiais

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Annotation 1713662987532

#bitcoin #economia

Tal mecanismo exige que a cada usuário sejam atribuídas duas “chaves”, uma privada, que é mantida em segredo, como uma senha, e outra pública, que pode ser com- partilhada com todos. Quando a Maria decide transferir bitcoins ao João, ela cria uma mensagem, chamada de “transação”, que contém a chave pú- blica do João, assinando com sua chave privada. Olhando a chave pública da Maria, qualquer um pode verificar que a transação foi de fato assinada com sua chave privada, sendo, assim, uma troca autêntica, e que João é o novo proprietário dos fundos.

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Annotation 1713666395404

#bitcoin #economia

Leis de curso legal forçado (legal tender laws em inglês) são leis que obrigam os cidadãos em um determinado país a aceitar o dinheiro emitido pelo estado como meio de pagamento

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Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 25-Nov-2017 (Sat)

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