on 17-Jul-2022 (Sun)

As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). Its cultures lacked pottery, but featured the following:^{[ citation needed ]}

• small circular dwellings
• burial of the dead under the floor of buildings
• reliance on hunting of wild game
• cultivation of wild or domestic cereals

At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) was a period of about 1.4 millennia, from 7220 to 5850 BCE^{[ clarification needed ]} (though carbon-14-dates are few and early). The following are PPNB cultural features:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Expanded range of domesticated plants
• Possible domestication of sheep
• Apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster, and eyes set with shells in some cases

After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture.

During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE.

It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north.

Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt.^[41][40][42] Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.^[43] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.^[41]

After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,^[41] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.^[43] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.

In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire

when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.^[44] One of these forts, built at the entrance to Wadi Qelt, was later refortified by Herod the Great, who named it Kypros after his mother.^[45]

After the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or Hasmonean and Early Roman or Herodian periods was established as a garden city in the vicinity of the royal estate at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq and expanded greatly thanks to the intensive exploitation of the springs of the area.

The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group (kohanim) from the tribe of Levi,

The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group ( kohanim ) from the tribe of Levi , who ruled over Judea following the success of the Maccabean Revolt until Roman influence over the region brought Herod to claim the Hasmonean throne.

Herod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony had given it to her as a gift.

After their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod absolute rule over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain.

Herod was succeeded in Judea by his son, Herod Archelaus, who built a village in his name not far to the north, Archelaïs (modern Khirbet al-Beiyudat), to house workers for his date plantation.

After the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 CE

Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 CE it was but a small Roman garrison town.

A fort was built there in 130 and played a role in putting down the Bar Kochba revolt in 133.

Accounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.^[52] Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including St George of Koziba in 340 CE and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.^[48] At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.^[45] The monasteries were abandoned after the Persian invasion of 614.

Accounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.^[52] Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including St George of Koziba in 340 CE and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.^[48] At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.^[45] The monasteries were abandoned after the Persian invasion of 614.

Jericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part of Jund Filastin ("Military District of Palestine"), part of the larger province of Bilad al-Sham. The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. 'Uqba (died 758) recorded that caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians of Khaybar to Jericho (and Tayma).

Muhammad ibn Abdullah^{[n 1]} (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه , romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh , Classical Arabic pronunciation: [muˈħammad] ; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE)^[

By 659, that district had come under the control of Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty.

By 659, that district had come under the control of Mu'awiya , founder of the Umayyad dynasty . That year, an earthquake destroyed Jericho. ^[56] A decade later, the pilgrim Arculf visited Jericho and found it in ruins, all its "miserable Canaanite" inhabitants now dispersed in shanty towns around the Dead Sea shore.^[57]

Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties.

Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties.

Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties. Irrigated agriculture was developed under Islamic rule, reaffirming Jericho's reputation as a fertile "City of the Palms". ^[59] Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that "the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in all Islam. Bananas are plentiful, also dates and flowers of fragrant odor".^[60] Jericho is also referred to by him as one of the principal cities of Jund Filastin.^[61]

The city flourished until 1071 with the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, followed by the upheavals of the Crusades.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.

In 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated to John the Baptist, and are credited with introducing sugarcane production to the city.

In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.^[18]

Jericho was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine,

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, Jericho came under British rule, as part of Mandatory Palestine.

Jericho came under Jordanian control after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

In mid-1950, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank and Jericho residents, like other residents of West Bank localities became Jordanian citizens.

Jericho has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967 along with the rest of the West Bank.

The Dreyfus affair (French: l'affaire Dreyfus, pronounced [lafɛːʁ dʁɛfys] ) was a political scandal that divided the French Third Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire"

The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason. Dreyfus was a 35-year-old Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent. He was falsely convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, and was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years.

In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through an investigation made by Georges Picquart, head of counter-espionage

In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through an investigation made by Georges Picquart , head of counter-espionage —which identified the real culprit as a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.

In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through an investigation made by Georges Picquart , head of counter-espionage —which identified the real culprit as a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy .

When high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. The Army laid additional charges against Dreyfus, based on forged documents. Subsequently, Émile Zola's open letter J'Accuse…! on the newspaper L'Aurore stoked a growing movement of support for Dreyfus, putting pressure on the government to reopen the case.

The Affair engendered numerous antisemitic demonstrations, which in turn affected sentiment within the Jewish communities of Central and Western Europe. This persuaded Theodor Herzl, one of the founding fathers of Zionism, that the Jews must leave Europe and establish their own state.

The ideal culprit was identified: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a graduate of the École polytechnique and an artillery officer, of the Jewish faith and of Alsatian origin, coming from the republican meritocracy.

Zola was brought to trial for criminal libel on 7 February 1898, and was convicted on 23 February and removed from the Legion of Honour. The first judgment was overturned in April on a technicality, but a new suit was pressed against Zola, which opened on 18 July. At his lawyer's advice, Zola fled to England rather than wait for the end of the trial (at which he was again convicted).

Inhabited since the Middle Bronze Age by Canaanite tribes,^[22][23] the land held by present-day Israel was once the setting for much of Biblical history

beginning with the 9th-century Iron Age kingdoms of Israel and Judah,^[24][25] which fell, respectively, to the Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 720 BCE) and Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE).

During the 2nd millennium BCE, Canaan, part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the New Kingdom of Egypt from c.1550 to c. 1180.

The earliest recorded battle in history took place in 1457 BCE, at Megiddo (known in Greek as Armageddon), between Canaanite forces and those of Pharoh Thutmose III.

The first wave of migration, called Ghassulian culture, entered Canaan circa 4500 BC.^[18] This is the start of the Chalcolithic in Canaan.

The Bronze Age is a historic period, approximately 3300 BC to 1200 BC, that was characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

In the Ancient Near East the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late 5th millennium BC and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the Early Bronze Age.