# on 30-Jun-2016 (Thu)

#### Annotation 149621449

loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life

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ar past participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut";[9] because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a <span>loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's ter

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Insect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ation9.2 Pollination9.3 Parasitism9.4 Other biological interactions 10 Relationship to humans 10.1 As pests10.2 In beneficial roles10.3 In research10.4 As food10.5 In culture 11 See also12 Notes13 References14 External links Etymology <span>The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular past participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut";[9] because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc.[9] Phylogeny and evolution Evolution has produced astonishing variety in insects. Pictured are some of the possible shapes of antennae. Main article: Evolution of insects The ev

#### Annotation 1348198337804

#systemd
systemd is a system and service manager

What is Linux systemd ? A Neat Chart of its Components
| Reply More <span>systemd is a system and service manager that is designed specifically for Linux kernel. It replaces the init process to become the first process (PID = 1) that gets executed in user space during the Linux start-up process. In

#### Annotation 1348199386380

#systemd
PID = 1

What is Linux systemd ? A Neat Chart of its Components
More systemd is a system and service manager that is designed specifically for Linux kernel. It replaces the init process to become the first process (<span>PID = 1) that gets executed in user space during the Linux start-up process. In this article, we will study the basics of systemd. Note - The term init in this artic

#### Annotation 1348206464268

#cgroups #systemd
cgroups -- a mechanism for limiting, accounting, and isolating Kernel resource usage

What is Linux systemd ? A Neat Chart of its Components
e is currently running and 1 means it is not. To shutdown or reboot the system, you can use the following commands: systemctl halt systemctl poweroff systemctl reboot The concept of cgroups systemd organizes and manages processes with <span>cgroups -- a mechanism for limiting, accounting, and isolating Kernel resource usage. In laymanâs terms, it is a collection of processes that are bound by a common criteria. These groups can be hierarchical, and every group inherits limits from its parent. As new pr

#### Annotation 1348208299276

#process-management #systemd
systemd organizes and manages processes with cgroups -- a mechanism for limiting, accounting, and isolating Kernel resource usage

What is Linux systemd ? A Neat Chart of its Components

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#### Annotation 1358829063436

A rational decision maker takes an action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. This principle explains why people use their cell phones as much as they do, why airlines are willing to sell tickets below aver- age cost, and why people are willing to pay more for diamonds than for water. It can take some time to get used to the logic of marginal thinking, but the study of economics will give you ample opportunity to practice.

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#### Annotation 1358830374156

1-1d Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives An incentive is something (such as a prospect of a punishment or reward) that in- duces a person to act. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives.

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#### Annotation 1358831422732

In other words, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more.

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#### Annotation 1358832471308

In other words, seat belts reduce the benefits of slow and careful driving. People respond to seat belts as they would to an improvement in road conditions—by driving faster and less carefully. The result of a seat belt law, therefore, is a larger number of accidents. The decline in safe driving has a clear, adverse impact on pedestrians, who are more likely to find themselves in an accident but (unlike the drivers) don’t have the benefit of added protection.

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#### Annotation 1358835617036

Quick Quiz Describe an important trade-off you recently faced. • Give an example of some action that has both a monetary and nonmonetary opportunity cost. • Describe an incentive your parents offered to you in an effort to influence your behavior.

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#### Annotation 1358836665612

1-2a Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off

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#### Annotation 1358837714188

Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities she does best, whether it is farming, sewing, or home building. By trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower cost.

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#### Annotation 1358838762764

1-2b Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1980s was one of the last century’s most important changes. Communist countries op- erated on the premise that government officials were in the best position to allo- cate the economy’s scarce resources. These central planners decided what goods and services were produced, how much was produced, and who produced and consumed these goods and services. The theory behind central planning was that only the government could organize economic activity in a way that promoted economic well-being for the country as a whole. Most countries that once had centrally planned economies have abandoned the system and are instead developing market economies. In a market economy, the decisions of a central planner are replaced by the decisions of millions of firms and households. Firms decide whom to hire and what to make. Households decide which firms to work for and what to buy with their incomes. These firms and households interact in the marketplace, where prices and self-interest guide their decisions.

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#### Annotation 1358839811340

In his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, economist Adam Smith made the most famous observation in all of economics: Households and firms interacting in markets act as if they are guided by an “in- visible hand” that leads them to desirable market outcomes.

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#### Annotation 1358841646348

1-2c Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes If the invisible hand of the market is so great, why do we need government? One purpose of studying economics is to refine your view about the proper role and scope of government policy.

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#### Annotation 1358844792076

Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. . . . Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our din- ner, but from their regard to their own in- terest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens. . . . Every individual . . . neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. . . . He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.

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#### Annotation 1358845840652

Most important, market economies need institutions to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources.

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#### Annotation 1358848462092

Economists use the term market failure to refer to a situation in which the market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. As we will see, one possible cause of market failure is an externality, which is the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. The classic example of an externality is pollution. When the production of a good pollutes the air and creates health problems for those who live near the factories, the mar- ket left to its own devices may fail to take this cost into account. Another possible cause of market failure is market power, which refers to the ability of a single person or firm (or a small group) to unduly influence market prices.

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#### Annotation 1358851607820

Quick Quiz Why is a country better off not isolating itself from all other countries? • Why do we have markets, and according to economists, what roles should government play in them?

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#### Flashcard 1358852656396

Question
The word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means [...]
“one who manages a household.”

status measured difficulty not learned 37% [default] 0

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The word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means “one who manages a household.”

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#### Flashcard 1358853704972

Question
The word economy comes from the Greek word [...], which means “one who manages a household.”
oikonomos

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The word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means “one who manages a household.”

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#### Flashcard 1358857112844

Question
[...] means that society has limited resources and therefore can't produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Scarcity

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Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore can't produce all the goods and services people wish to have.

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#### Annotation 1358862093580

Because people face trade-offs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. In many cases, however, the cost of an action is not as obvious as it might first appear.

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Principle 2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It Because people face trade-offs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. In many cases, however, the cost of an action is not as obvious as it might first appear.

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#### Annotation 1360691334412

#constitution #law #public
A state's constitution should define the parameters of state power and place legitimate limitations on the power of government.