on 10-Dec-2023 (Sun)

The key to the answer is to be found in adistinction between operations overtly performed (or imagined to be performed) and operations symbolically executed. When we act overtly, consequences ensue ;if we do not like them, they are nevertheless there in existence. We are entangled in the outcome of what we doj we have to stand its consequences. We shall put aquestion that is so elementary that it may seem silly. How can we have an end in view with- out having an end, an existential result, in fact?

The failure of empiricism to account for mathematical ideas is due to its failure to connect them with acts performed. In accord with its sensationalistic character, traditional em- piricism sought their origin in sensory impressions, or at most in supposed abstraction from properties antecedently character- izing physical things. Experimental empiricism, has none of the difficulties of Hume and Mill in explaining the origin of math- ematical truths. It recognizes that experience, the actual expe- rience of men, is one of doing acts, performing operations, cutting, marking off, dividing up, extending, piecing together, joining, assembling and mixing, hoarding and dealing outj in general, selecting and adjusting things as means for reaching consequences. Only the peculiar hypnotic effect exercised by exclusive preoccupation with knowledge could have led think- ers to identify experience with reception of sensations, when five minutes' observation of achild would have disclosed that sensations count only as stimuli and registers of motor activity expended in doing things.

the difficulties and paradoxes which have been found to attend the logic of number disappear when instead of their being treated as either essences or as proper- ties of things in existence, they are viewed as designations of potential operations. Mathematical space is not akind of space distinct from so-called physical and empirical space, but is a name given to operations ideally or formally possible with respect to things having spacious qualities: it is not amode of Being, but away of thinking things so that connections among them are liberated from fixity in experience and implication from one to another is made possible.

the active and productive character of ideas, of thought, is mani- fest. The motivating desire of idealistic systems of philosophy is justified. But the constructive office of thought is empirical that is, experimental. "Thought" is not aproperty of some- thing termed intellect or reason apart from nature. It is a mode of directed overt action. Ideas are anticipatory plans

They are not innate properties of mind corresponding to ultimate prior traits of Being, nor are they apriori categories imposed on sense in awholesale, once-for-all way, prior to experience so as to make it possible. The active power of ideas is areality, but ideas and idealisms have an operative force in concrete experienced situations j their worth has to be tested by the specified consequences of their operation. Idealism is something experimental not ab- stractly rational jit is related to experienced needs and con- cerned with projection of operations which remake the actual content of experienced objects.

ideas and idealisms are in themselves hypotheses not finalities. Being connected with operations to be performed, they are tested by the consequences of these operations, not by what exists prior to them. Prior experience supplies the conditions which evoke ideas and of which thought has to take account, with which it must reckon. It furnishes both obstacles to attainment of what is desired and the resources that must be used to attain it. Conception and systems of conceptions, ends in view and plans, are constantly making and remaking as fast as those already in use reveal their weak- nesses, defects and positive values. There is no predestined course they must follow. Human experience consciously guided by ideas evolves its own standards and measures and each new experience constructed by their means is an opportunity for new ideas and ideals.

ction is at the heart of ideas. The experimental practice of knowing, when taken to supply the pattern of philosophic doctrine of mind and its organs, elimi- nates the age-old separation of theory and practice. It dis- closes that knowing is itself akind of action, the only one which progressively and securely clothes natural existence with

Unicode® 8.0.0 (whole document)

The next step up from a checkbook journal, is a journal that keeps track of all your accounts, not just checking. In such a journal, you record not only who gets paid—in the case of a debit—but where the money came from. In a checkbook journal, it’s assumed that all the money comes from your checking account. But in a general journal, you write postings in two lines: the source account and target account. There must always be a debit from at least one account for every credit made to another account. This is what is meant by “double-entry” accounting: the journal must always balance to zero, with an equal number of debits and credits.

This is the basis of double-entry accounting: money never pops in or out of existence; it is always a posting from one account to another.

Most private people consider an account to be something that holds money at an institution for them. Ledger uses a more general definition of the word. An account is anywhere money can go. Other finance programs use “categories”, Ledger uses accounts.

The purpose of the Ledger program is to make general journal accounting simple, by keeping track of the balances for you. Your only job is to enter the postings. If an individual posting does not balance, Ledger displays an error and indicates the incorrect posting.¹

In summary, there are two aspects of Ledger use: updating the journal data file, and using the Ledger tool to view the summarized result of your transactions.

The account balances and registers in this file, if saved as ledger.dat

An important difference between Ledger and other finance packages is that Ledger will never alter your input file. You can create and edit that file in any way you prefer, but Ledger is only for analyzing the data, not for altering it.

1.2 Building the program

1.3 Getting help

1.4 Third-Party Ledger Tutorials

There are plenty of people using Ledger for accounting applications. Some have documented how they use Ledger’s features to solve their accounting problems.

One such tutorial, specifically designed for non-profit charities that seek to use Ledger, can be found at https://k.sfconservancy.org/NPO-Accounting/npo-ledger-cli (with a copy on GitHub also available at https://github.com/conservancy/npo-ledger-cli/). If you’re looking for information about how to use Ledger’s tagging system to handle invoicing, track expenses by program targets, and other such concepts, you might find the tutorial useful. (Some of the auditor reporting scripts that relate to the aforementioned Ledger setup can be found contrib/non-profit-audit-reports/ in Ledger’s own source repository.)

2 Ledger Tutorial

go mod init example/user/hello

The writer of a PL/R function must take care that the function cannot be used to do anything unwanted, since it will be able to do anything that could be done by a user logged in as the database administrator. An implementation restriction is that PL/R procedures cannot be used to create input/output functions for new data types.