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Annotation 150896294

#medicine #rheumatology

Mind Map: Patterns of presentation of arthritis

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Flashcard 3147816635660

Question

In Linux, a [...] is a process running in the background that is not associated with any terminal

Answer

Daemon

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Flashcard 3169709591820

Question

a=10; b=20
def my_function():
    [...] a
    a=11; b=21
my_function()
print(a) #prints 11
print(b) #prints 20

Answer

global

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ame is still not found, it searches the built-in namespace. Finally, if this fails then the interpreter raises a NameError exception. Consider the following code: a=10; b=20 def my_function(): global a a=11; b=21 my_function() print(a) #prints 11 print(b) #prints 20

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Flashcard 3169748913420

Question

In python add a list to another existing list, item by item, e.g. add [3,4,5] to list=[1,2] so value list will then be [1,2,3,4,5]

Answer

list.extend([3,4,5])

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Annotation 3169785613580

In python, functions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]
Passed as an argument to a function
Returned as the result of a function

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Flashcard 3169787972876

Question

In python, functions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a [...]
Passed as an argument to a function
Returned as the result of a function

Answer

data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]

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In python, functions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be : Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')] Passed as an argument to a function Returned as the result of a function

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Flashcard 3169789545740

Question

In python, functions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]
[...]
Returned as the result of a function

Answer

Passed as an argument to a function

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ctions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be : Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')] Passed as an argument to a function Returned as the result of a function

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Flashcard 3169791118604

Question

In python, functions (like all other objects) are first class objects, meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]
Passed as an argument to a function
[...]

Answer

Returned as the result of a function

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lass objects, meaning they can be : Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')] Passed as an argument to a function Returned as the result of a function

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Flashcard 3169792691468

Question

In python, functions (like all other objects) are [...], meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]
Passed as an argument to a function
Returned as the result of a function

Answer

first class objects

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Flashcard 3169794264332

Question

In python, functions (like all other [...]) are first class objects, meaning they can be :

Assigned as a variable or in a data structure (for example list: [greeting('fr'), greeting('en'), greenting('de')]
Passed as an argument to a function
Returned as the result of a function

Answer

objects

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Annotation 3169795837196

Higher order functions are functions that :

take other functions as arguments
return functions

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Flashcard 3169798982924

Question

Higher order functions are functions that :

[...]
return functions

Answer

take other functions as arguments

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Higher order functions are functions that : take other functions as arguments return functions

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Flashcard 3169800555788

Question

Higher order functions are functions that :

take other functions as arguments
[...]

Answer

return functions

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Higher order functions are functions that : take other functions as arguments return functions

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Flashcard 3171878833420

Question

What are steroid hormones?

Answer

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, gonads, and placenta. Th ey are lipid soluble, circulate bound to binding proteins in plasma, and cross the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular cyto- solic or nuclear receptors. Vitamin D and its metabolites are also considered ste- roid hormones

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Annotation 3171881192716

Transport Hormones released into the circulation can circulate either freely or bound to [...] proteins, also known as binding proteins

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Flashcard 3171884600588

Question

What is the half life of a hormone?

Answer

The time during which the concentration of a hormone decreases to 50% of its initial concentration

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Annotation 3171892464908

Amino acid–derived hormones are those hormones that are synthesized from t he amino acid tyrosine and include the catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine; as well as the thyroid hormones.

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Flashcard 3171894824204

Question

Amino acid–derived hormones are those hormones that are synthesized from t he amino acid [...] and include the catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine; as well as the thyroid hormones.

Answer

tyrosine

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Amino acid–derived hormones are those hormones that are synthesized from t he amino acid tyrosine and include the catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine; as well as the thyroid hormones.

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Flashcard 3171896397068

Question

Amino acid–derived hormones are those hormones that are synthesized from t he amino acid tyrosine and include the catecholamines [...]; as well as the thyroid hormones.

Answer

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

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Annotation 3171898494220

Menus or buttons more generally actions in the GUIs are typeset like this: Menu . Code_Aster reserved words, operators, function names, key- words, concepts are typeset like this: MECA_STATIQUE. File, or exten- sion, names are typeset like this: .comm. And windows, or dialog boxes, titles as they appear on the screen are typeset like this: Gmsh. “X” or “YOZ”, in uppercase refer to a global direction or plane, while “x”, in lower case, refers to a local direction i.e. in the local element coordinate system

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Annotation 3171906882828

The regulation of plasma Ca 2+ levels is critical for normal cell funciton , neural transmission, membrane stability, bone structure, blood coagulation, and intracellular signaling

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Flashcard 3171909242124

Question

The regulation of plasma Ca 2+ levels is critical for normal cell funciton , n[...]

Answer

eural transmission, membrane stability, bone structure, blood coagulation, and intracellular signaling

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The regulation of plasma Ca 2+ levels is critical for normal cell funciton , neural transmission, membrane stability, bone structure, blood coagulation, and intracellular signaling

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Annotation 3171910814988

PTH stimulates bone resorption and the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation. In the kidney, PTH promotes Ca 2+ reabsorption and inorganic phosphate excretion in the urine.

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Flashcard 3171913174284

Question

PTH stimulates bone resorption and the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation. In the kidney, PTH promotes Ca 2+ [...] and inorganic phosphate excretion in the urine.

Answer

reabsorption

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PTH stimulates bone resorption and the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation. In the kidney, PTH promotes Ca 2+ reabsorption and inorganic phosphate excretion in the urine.

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Flashcard 3171914747148

Question

PTH stimulates bone resorption and the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation. In the kidney, PTH promotes Ca 2+ reabsorption and inorganic phosphate [...]

Answer

excretion in the urine.

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PTH stimulates bone resorption and the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation. In the kidney, PTH promotes Ca 2+ reabsorption and inorganic phosphate excretion in the urine.

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Annotation 3171916320012

Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary Ca 2+ and facilitates renal absorption of filtered Ca 2+

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Flashcard 3171918679308

Question

Vitamin D increases intestinal [...] and facilitates renal absorption of filtered Ca 2+

Answer

absorption of dietary Ca 2+

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Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary Ca 2+ and facilitates renal absorption of filtered Ca 2+

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Flashcard 3171920252172

Question

Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary Ca 2+ and facilitates [...]

Answer

renal absorption of filtered Ca 2+

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Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of dietary Ca 2+ and facilitates renal absorption of filtered Ca 2+

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Annotation 3171921300748

In bone, vitamin D increases bone resorption with a resulting increase in the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation.

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Flashcard 3171925232908

Question

In bone, vitamin D increases [...]

Answer

bone resorption with a resulting increase in the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation.

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In bone, vitamin D increases bone resorption with a resulting increase in the release of Ca 2+ into the circulation.

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Annotation 3171926805772

In addition to its central role in the regulation of Ca 2+ levels and bone mass, PTH participates in the renal excretion of phosphate and in the acti- vation of vitamin D

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Flashcard 3171928378636

Question

In addition to its central role in the regulation of Ca 2+ levels and bone mass, PTH participates in the renal [...] and in the acti- vation of vitamin D

Answer

excretion of phosphate

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In addition to its central role in the regulation of Ca 2+ levels and bone mass, PTH participates in the renal excretion of phosphate and in the acti- vation of vitamin D

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Flashcard 3171929951500

Question

Mature and intact PTH consists of? ( How many amino acids)

Answer

84 amino acids

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Annotation 3171932310796

Small changes in plasma Ca 2+ levels are detected by the parathyroid Ca 2+ -sensing receptor

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Flashcard 3172277030156

Question

An acute decrease in circulating calcium levels (hypocalcemia) elicits a biphasic wave of PTH release. Explain this.

Answer

Preformed PTH is released within seconds, followed by a reduction in intracellular degradation of PTH and increase in PTH release minutes to hours later

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Annotation 3172279389452

In addition the active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] also contributes to modulation of PTH levels by reducing PTH gene transcription

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Flashcard 3172281748748

Question

In addition the active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] also contributes to modulation of PTH levels by [...]

Answer

reducing PTH gene transcription

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In addition the active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] also contributes to modulation of PTH levels by reducing PTH gene transcription

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Annotation 3172283321612

The Ca 2+ sensor is a G protein (G q/11 and G i )–coupled receptor located on the plasma membrane of the parathyroid chief cells

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Flashcard 3172285680908

Question

What is the type of receptor on Calcium sensing receptor?

Answer

G protein (G q/11 and G i )–coupled receptor

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The Ca 2+ sensor is a G protein (G q/11 and G i )–coupled receptor located on the plasma membrane of the parathyroid chief cells

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Flashcard 3172288040204

Question

The Ca 2+ sensor is a G protein (G q/11 and G i )–coupled receptor located on the [...]

Answer

plasma membrane of the parathyroid chief cells

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The Ca 2+ sensor is a G protein (G q/11 and G i )–coupled receptor located on the plasma membrane of the parathyroid chief cells

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Annotation 3172289613068

Th e release of PTH is inhibited in response to elevations in plasma Ca 2+ concentrations and activation of the Ca 2+ receptor

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Annotation 3172291185932

The granules are under regulatory control by plasma Ca 2+ levels; persistent hypercalcemia leads to rapid degradation of most (90%) of the mature PTH in the cell.

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Flashcard 3172293545228

Question

The granules are under regulatory control by plasma Ca 2+ levels; persistent hypercalcemia leads to [...].

Answer

rapid degradation of most (90%) of the mature PTH in the cell

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The granules are under regulatory control by plasma Ca 2+ levels; persistent hypercalcemia leads to rapid degradation of most (90%) of the mature PTH in the cell.

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Flashcard 3172295118092

Question

PTH release i s increased by ?

Answer

Hypocalcemia, Hyperphosphatemia, Catecholamines

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Flashcard 3172320283916

Question

PTH release is suppressed by

Answer

Hypercalcemia, Vitamin D and Severe hypomagnesemia

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Flashcard 3172388703500

Question

PTH release is also under regulatory control by

Answer

phosphate and magnesium levels

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Annotation 3172423830796

Elevations in plasma phosphate levels increase PTH secretion by decreasing phospholipase A 2 activity and arachidonic acid formation, thus removing the inhibitory eﬀect on PTH secretion.

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Annotation 3172706422028

The role of phosphate in PTH release is critical in patients with impaired renal function. If not controlled, the increasing levels of phosphate in these individuals result in abnormal elevations in PTH release.

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Flashcard 3172773530892

Question

The role of phosphate in PTH release is critical in patients with impaired renal function. If not controlled, the increasing levels of phosphate in these individuals [...].

Answer

result in abnormal elevations in PTH release

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The role of phosphate in PTH release is critical in patients with impaired renal function. If not controlled, the increasing levels of phosphate in these individuals result in abnormal elevations in PTH release.

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Flashcard 3172790832396

Question

Elevations in plasma phosphate levels increase PTH secretion by [...], thus removing the inhibitory eﬀect on PTH secretion.

Answer

decreasing phospholipase A 2 activity and arachidonic acid formation

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Elevations in plasma phosphate levels increase PTH secretion by decreasing phospholipase A 2 activity and arachidonic acid formation, thus removing the inhibitory eﬀect on PTH secretion.

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Annotation 3172818619660

The balance of magnesium is closely linked to that of calcium. Magnesium depletion or deficiency is frequently associated with hypocalcemia

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Annotation 3172825435404

Th is combined decrease in Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ leads to impairment in the individual’s ability to secrete PTH

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Annotation 3172841688332

Moreover, severe hypomagnesemia impairs not only the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia, but it also prevents the responsiveness of bone to PTH-mediated bone resorption

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Flashcard 3172884942092

Question

The balance of magnesium is closely linked to that of [...] Magnesium depletion or deficiency is frequently associated with hypocalcemia

Answer

calcium.

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The balance of magnesium is closely linked to that of calcium. Magnesium depletion or deficiency is frequently associated with hypocalcemia

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Flashcard 3172900146444

Question

The balance of magnesium is closely linked to that of calcium. Magnesium depletion or deficiency is frequently [...]

Answer

associated with hypocalcemia

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The balance of magnesium is closely linked to that of calcium. Magnesium depletion or deficiency is frequently associated with hypocalcemia

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Flashcard 3173150756108

Question

Th is combined decrease in Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ leads to impairment in the individual’s [...]

Answer

ability to secrete PTH

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Th is combined decrease in Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ leads to impairment in the individual’s ability to secrete PTH

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Flashcard 3173164911884

Question

Moreover, severe hypomagnesemia impairs not only the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia, but it also prevents the [...]

Answer

responsiveness of bone to PTH-mediated bone resorption

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Moreover, severe hypomagnesemia impairs not only the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland in response to hypocalcemia, but it also prevents the responsiveness of bone to PTH-mediated bone resorption

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Annotation 3173201087756

Three types of PTH receptors have been identified (PTHR1, PTHR2, PTHR3), all of which are G protein–coupled receptors. The important physiologic eﬀects of PTH are mediated by PTHR1; the physiologic importance of PTHR2 and PTHR3 is not clear.

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Flashcard 3173239098636

Question

Three types of PTH receptors have been identified [...], all of which are G protein–coupled receptors. The important physiologic eﬀects of PTH are mediated by PTHR1; the physiologic importance of PTHR2 and PTHR3 is not clear.

Answer

(PTHR1, PTHR2, PTHR3)

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Three types of PTH receptors have been identified (PTHR1, PTHR2, PTHR3), all of which are G protein–coupled receptors. The important physiologic eﬀects of PTH are mediated by PTHR1; the physiologic importance of PTHR2 and PTHR3 is not clear.

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3173248011532

Question

Three types of PTH receptors have been identified (PTHR1, PTHR2, PTHR3), all of which are [...]. The important physiologic eﬀects of PTH are mediated by PTHR1; the physiologic importance of PTHR2 and PTHR3 is not clear.

Answer

G protein–coupled receptors

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Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3173257973004

Question

Three types of PTH receptors have been identified (PTHR1, PTHR2, PTHR3), all of which are G protein–coupled receptors. The important physiologic eﬀects of PTH are mediated by [...]r.

Answer

PTHR1; the physiologic importance of PTHR2 and PTHR3 is not clea

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Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3173284711692

Question

Whrere is PTHR1 is expressed?

Answer

In bone osteoblasts and kidneys

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Annotation 3174459641100

In the kidney, PTH directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption, phosphate excretion, and the activity of 1α-hydroxylase,

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Flashcard 3175032163596

Question

In the kidney, PTH directly stimulates

Answer

Ca 2+ reabsorption, phosphate excretion, and the activity of 1α-hydroxylase

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In the kidney, PTH directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption, phosphate excretion, and the activity of 1α-hydroxylase,

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3175672581388

Question

The site of PTH regulation of Ca 2 + reabsorption is?

Answer

the distal tubules

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Flashcard 3177202715916

Question

In the distal tubule, Ca 2 + absorption is entirely transcellular and is regulated by?

Answer

PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin; it can also be aﬀected by Ca 2+ -sparing drugs such as thiazide diuretics

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Flashcard 3179080977676

Question

Inside the tubular epithelial cell, Ca 2 + binds to what?

Answer

Calbindin-D 28K

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Annotation 3180982308108

Calbindin-D 28K is a vitamin D–dependent calcium-binding protein that is present in the cytosol of cells lining the distal part of the nephron

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Flashcard 3181337775372

Question

Calbindin-D 28K is a [...]

Answer

vitamin D–dependent calcium-binding protein that is present in the cytosol of cells lining the distal part of the nephron

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Calbindin-D 28K is a vitamin D–dependent calcium-binding protein that is present in the cytosol of cells lining the distal part of the nephron

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Annotation 3181372378380

Vitamin D contributes to the enhanced calcium reabsorption by stimulating the synthesis of calbindin and the activity of Ca 2+ -ATPase

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Annotation 3181373951244

PTH decreases the renal (and intestinal) reabsorption of phosphate by decreasing the expression of the type II Na + /PO 4 2– cotransporter

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Flashcard 3181375524108

Question

Vitamin D contributes to the enhanced calcium reabsorption by stimulating the [...]

Answer

synthesis of calbindin and the activity of Ca 2+ -ATPase

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Vitamin D contributes to the enhanced calcium reabsorption by stimulating the synthesis of calbindin and the activity of Ca 2+ -ATPase

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181377096972

Question

PTH decreases the renal (and intestinal) reabsorption of phosphate [...]

Answer

by decreasing the expression of the type II Na + /PO 4 2– cotransporter

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PTH decreases the renal (and intestinal) reabsorption of phosphate by decreasing the expression of the type II Na + /PO 4 2– cotransporter

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Annotation 3181378669836

Renal reabsorption of phosphate occurs through apical sodium (Na + )– inorganic phosphate (Pi) cotransport. Three different Na + /Pi cotransporters have been identified: types I, II, and III

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Annotation 3181380242700

Type II cotransporters are expressed in the renal proximal tubule (type IIa) and in the small intestine (type IIb

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Annotation 3181381815564

Type IIa cotransporters are the major target for PTH regulation and contribute to most (up to 70%) of proximal tubular Pi reabsorption

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Flashcard 3181384174860

Question

Renal reabsorption of phosphate occurs through apical s[...]t. Three different Na + /Pi cotransporters have been identified: types I, II, and III

Answer

odium (Na + )– inorganic phosphate (Pi) cotranspor

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Renal reabsorption of phosphate occurs through apical sodium (Na + )– inorganic phosphate (Pi) cotransport. Three different Na + /Pi cotransporters have been identified: types I, II, and III

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181385747724

Question

Type II cotransporters are expressed in the [...]

Answer

renal proximal tubule (type IIa) and in the small intestine (type IIb

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Type II cotransporters are expressed in the renal proximal tubule (type IIa) and in the small intestine (type IIb

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181388893452

Question

Type IIa cotransporters are the major target for [...]

Answer

PTH regulation and contribute to most (up to 70%) of proximal tubular Pi reabsorption

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Type IIa cotransporters are the major target for PTH regulation and contribute to most (up to 70%) of proximal tubular Pi reabsorption

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Annotation 3181390466316

Phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule can also be decreased by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)

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Flashcard 3181392039180

Tags

#Endocrinology

Question

What is Fibroblast growth factor 23?

Answer

a peptide produced in osteoblasts and osteocytes. FGF23 suppresses 1α-hydroxylase
activity and renal and intestinal Na+/ PO4 2– cotransporter expression.

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Flashcard 3181393874188

Question

Phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule can also be [...] fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)

Answer

decreased by

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Phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule can also be decreased by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Annotation 3181402000652

#Endocrinology

PTH is a major mediator of bone remodeling. PTH binds to receptors found in osteoblasts resulting in a cascade of events culminating in osteoclast activation and leading to a rapid release of Ca 2+ from the bone matrix into the extracellular compartment, where it enters the systemic circulation

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Annotation 3181403573516

Eﬀects of PTH in osteoblasts are mediated through the synthesis or activity of several proteins, including osteoclast-diﬀerentiating factor (ODF ), also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) or osteoprotegerin ligand

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Flashcard 3181406719244

Question

Eﬀects of PTH in osteoblasts are mediated through the synthesis or activity of several proteins, including [...], also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) or osteoprotegerin ligand

Answer

osteoclast-diﬀerentiating factor (ODF )

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Eﬀects of PTH in osteoblasts are mediated through the synthesis or activity of several proteins, including osteoclast-diﬀerentiating factor (ODF ), also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) or osteoprotegerin ligand

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181408292108

Question

Eﬀects of PTH in osteoblasts are mediated through the synthesis or activity of several proteins, including osteoclast-diﬀerentiating factor (ODF ), also known as [...]

Answer

receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) or osteoprotegerin ligand

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Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181409864972

Tags

#Endocrinology

Question

PTH is a major mediator of bone remodeling. PTH binds to receptors [...] resulting in a cascade of events culminating in osteoclast activation and leading to a rapid release of Ca 2+ from the bone matrix into the extracellular compartment, where it enters the systemic circulation

Answer

found in osteoblasts

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PTH is a major mediator of bone remodeling. PTH binds to receptors found in osteoblasts resulting in a cascade of events culminating in osteoclast activation and leading to a rapid release of Ca 2+ from the bone matrix into the extracellular compartment, where it enters th

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181411437836

Tags

#Endocrinology

Question

PTH is a major mediator of bone remodeling. PTH binds to receptors found in osteoblasts resulting in a cascade of events culminating in [...] and leading to a rapid release of Ca 2+ from the bone matrix into the extracellular compartment, where it enters the systemic circulation

Answer

osteoclast activation

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Parent (intermediate) annotation

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181413010700

Question

PTH-mediated effects in bone involve..

Answer

osteoblast activation and stimulation of genes vital to the processes of degradation of the extracellular matrix and bone remodeling (collagenase-3),
production of growth factors (insulin-like growth factor 1),
stimulation and recruitment of osteoclasts (RANKL and interleukin 6).

PTH also increases the number of osteoblasts, by decreasing their apoptosis and increasing their proliferation

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Annotation 3181415369996

chronic elevations of PTH result in bone resorption, intermittent administration of PTH stimulates bone formation more than bone resorption

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Flashcard 3181417729292

Question

chronic elevations of PTH result in

Answer

bone resorption

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chronic elevations of PTH result in bone resorption, intermittent administration of PTH stimulates bone formation more than bone resorption

Original toplevel document (pdf)

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Flashcard 3181419302156

Question

intermittent administration of PTH stimulates

Answer

bone formation more than bone resorption

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chronic elevations of PTH result in bone resorption, intermittent administration of PTH stimulates bone formation more than bone resorption

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Annotation 3181423758604

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Osmotic diarrhoea The gut mucosa acts as a semipermeable membrane and fluid enters the bowel if there are large quantities of non- absorbed hypertonic substances in the lumen.

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Flashcard 3181425331468

Question

Osmotic diarrhoea The gut mucosa acts as a semipermeable membrane and fluid enters the bowel if there are large quantities of non- absorbed [...] in the lumen.

Answer

hypertonic substances

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Osmotic diarrhoea The gut mucosa acts as a semipermeable membrane and fluid enters the bowel if there are large quantities of non- absorbed hypertonic substances in the lumen.

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Flashcard 3181426380044

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

Mechanisms of Osmotic diarrhea.

Answer

patient has ingested a non-absorbable substance (e.g. a purgative such as magnesium sulphate or magnesium-containing antacid)
The patient has generalized malabsorption so that high concentrations of solute (e.g. glucose) remain in the lumen
The patient has a specific absorptive defect (e.g. disaccharidase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption).

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Annotation 3181429525772

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

The volume of diarrhoea produced by these mechanisms is reduced by the absorption of fluid by the ileum and colon.

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Annotation 3181431098636

ileum and colon.

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The volume of diarrhoea produced by these mechanisms is reduced by the absorption of fluid by the ileum and colon.

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Annotation 3181432671500

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Cholera toxin binds to its receptor (monosialoganglioside G i ) via fimbria (toxin co-regulated pilus) on its β-subunit. This activates the a s subunit (of the Gs protein), which in turn dissociates and activates cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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Flashcard 3181434244364

Question

Cholera toxin binds to its receptor [...] ) via fimbria (toxin co-regulated pilus) on its β-subunit. This activates the a s subunit (of the Gs protein), which in turn dissociates and activates cyclic AMP (cAMP).

Answer

(monosialoganglioside G i

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Cholera toxin binds to its receptor (monosialoganglioside G i ) via fimbria (toxin co-regulated pilus) on its β-subunit. This activates the a s subunit (of the Gs protein), which in turn dissociates and activates cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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Annotation 3181435292940

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

The increase in cAMP activates intermediates (e.g. protein kinase and Ca 2+ ) which then act on the apical membrane causing Cl − secretion (with water) and inhibition of Na + and Cl − absorption

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Flashcard 3181436865804

Question

The increase in cAMP activates intermediates (e.g. protein kinase and Ca 2+ ) which then act on the [...] (with water) and inhibition of Na + and Cl − absorption

Answer

apical membrane causing Cl − secretion

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The increase in cAMP activates intermediates (e.g. protein kinase and Ca 2+ ) which then act on the apical membrane causing Cl − secretion (with water) and inhibition of Na + and Cl − absorption

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Flashcard 3181438438668

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

n this disorder, there is both active intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes as well as decreased absorption

Answer

n this disorder, there is both active intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes as well as decreased absorption

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Flashcard 3181439487244

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

Common causes of secretory diarrhoea are:

Answer

Enterotoxins (e.g. cholera, E. coli thermolabile or thermostable toxin, C. difficile)
Hormones (e.g. vasoactive intestinal peptide in the Verner–Morrison syndrome)
Bile salts (in the colon) following ileal resection Fatty acids (in the colon) following ileal resection
Some laxatives (e.g. docusate sodium)

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Annotation 3181441322252

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Diaabetic, post-vagotomy and hyperthyroid diarrhoea are all due to abnormal motility of the upper gut. Symptoms may be exacerbated by small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

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Flashcard 3181443681548

Question

Diaabetic, post-vagotomy and hyperthyroid diarrhoea are all due to [...] of the upper gut. Symptoms may be exacerbated by small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

Answer

abnormal motility

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Diaabetic, post-vagotomy and hyperthyroid diarrhoea are all due to abnormal motility of the upper gut. Symptoms may be exacerbated by small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

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Flashcard 3181444730124

Question

Symptoms in abnormal motility of the bowel may be exacerbated by..

Answer

small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

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Diaabetic, post-vagotomy and hyperthyroid diarrhoea are all due to abnormal motility of the upper gut. Symptoms may be exacerbated by small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

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Annotation 3181447089420

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

diarrhoea due to viral agents may also last 24–48 hours

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Flashcard 3181448662284

Question

diarrhoea due to viral agents may also last [...]

Answer

24–48 hours

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diarrhoea due to viral agents may also last 24–48 hours

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Flashcard 3181450235148

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

What are the infective causes of diarrhea?

Answer

Bacterial

Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella spp.
Shigella
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcal enterocolitis
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens, botulinum, difficile
gastrointestinal tuberculosis

Viral,

rotavirus

Fungal,

histoplasmosis

Parasitic,

amoebic dysentery ( Entamoeba histolytica )
schistosomiasis
Giardia intestinalis

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Flashcard 3181452594444

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

What are the non-infective causes of diarrhoea?

Answer

Inflammatory bowel disease
Radiation proctitis or colitis
Behçet’s disease
Diverticular disease
Ischaemic colitis
Gastrointestinal lymphoma Carcinoma of the colon (change in bowel habit)
Malabsorption Gut resection
Bile acid malabsorption
Drugs – many, including laxatives metformin anticancer drugs statins proton pump inhibitors
Faecal impaction with overflow
Irritable bowel syndrome and functional diarrhoea

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Flashcard 3181454953740

Tags

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Question

What are the causes of bile acid diarrhoea?

Answer

Ileal resection
Ileal disease, e.g. active or inactive Crohn’s disease
Primary bile acid diarrhoea
Postinfective gastroenteritis
Rapid small bowel transit
Post-cholecystectomy

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Annotation 3181457313036

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Bile acid malabsorption is an underdiagnosed cause of chronic diarrhoea and many patients with this disorder are assumed to have irritable bowel syndrome.

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Annotation 3181458885900

#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

Bile acid diarrhoea occurs when the terminal ileum fails to reabsorb bile acids. Bile acids (particularly the dihydroxy bile acids: deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by reducing absorption of water and electrolytes and, at higher concen- trations, inducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

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Flashcard 3181461245196

Question

Bile acid malabsorption is an underdiagnosed cause of chronic diarrhoea and many patients with this disorder are assumed to have [...]

Answer

irritable bowel syndrome.

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Bile acid malabsorption is an underdiagnosed cause of chronic diarrhoea and many patients with this disorder are assumed to have irritable bowel syndrome.

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Flashcard 3181463604492

Question

Bile acid diarrhoea occurs when the [...]. Bile acids (particularly the dihydroxy bile acids: deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by reducing absorption of water and electrolytes and, at higher concen- trations, inducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

Answer

terminal ileum fails to reabsorb bile acids

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Bile acid diarrhoea occurs when the terminal ileum fails to reabsorb bile acids. Bile acids (particularly the dihydroxy bile acids: deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by reducing absorption

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Bile acid diarrhoea occurs when the terminal ileum fails to reabsorb bile acids. Bile acids (particularly the dihydroxy bile acids: deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by [...] and, at higher concen- trations, inducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

Answer

reducing absorption of water and electrolytes

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fails to reabsorb bile acids. Bile acids (particularly the dihydroxy bile acids: deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by reducing absorption of water and electrolytes and, at higher concen- trations, inducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

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nducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

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deoxy- cholate and chenodeoxycholate) when present in increased concentrations in the colon lead to diarrhoea by reducing absorption of water and electrolytes and, at higher concen- trations, inducing secretion as well as increasing colonic motility

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#Gastroenterology #diarrhea

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How is diagnosis made in bile acid malabsorption?

Answer

Diagnosis is made using the SeHCAT test in which a radiolabelled bile acid analogue is administered and percentage retention at 7 days calculated ( < 19% retention abnormal).

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Analíticos anteriores é um dos textos mais importantes não apenas de Aristóteles mas, também, da própria lógica, já que é nesse texto que o filósofo apresenta sua teoria do silogismo. O texto ocupa-se com análise dos argumentos de acordo com suas formas, isto é, de acordo com as várias figuras e modos do silogismo.

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Analíticos Anteriores – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
idade da obra. É o terceiro livro do "Organon", sucedendo Da Interpretação e antecedendo os Analíticos posteriores. Edições mais clássicas traduzem Αναλυτικων πρότερων por Primeiros analíticos. Analíticos anteriores é um dos textos mais importantes não apenas de Aristóteles mas, também, da própria lógica, já que é nesse texto que o filósofo apresenta sua teoria do silogismo. O texto ocupa-se com análise dos argumentos de acordo com suas formas, isto é, de acordo com as várias figuras e modos do silogismo. Segundo o filósofo: "Nossa primeira tarefa consiste em indicar o objeto de estudo de nossa investigação e a que ciência ele pertence: que concerne à demonstração e que pertece a uma ciê

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[...] é um dos textos mais importantes não apenas de Aristóteles mas, também, da própria lógica, já que é nesse texto que o filósofo apresenta sua teoria do silogismo. O texto ocupa-se com análise dos argumentos de acordo com suas formas, isto é, de acordo com as várias figuras e modos do silogismo.

Answer

Analíticos anteriores

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Analíticos anteriores é um dos textos mais importantes não apenas de Aristóteles mas, também, da própria lógica, já que é nesse texto que o filósofo apresenta sua teoria do silogismo . O texto ocupa-se com a

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Analíticos anteriores é um dos textos mais importantes não apenas de [...] mas, também, da própria lógica, já que é nesse texto que o filósofo apresenta sua teoria do [...] . O texto ocupa-se com análise dos argumentos de acordo com suas [...] , isto é, de acordo com as várias figuras e modos do [...] .

Answer

Aristóteles
silogismo
formas
silogismo

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Existem quatro tipos de proposições, de acordo com Aristóteles: Universal Afirmativa, Universal Negativa, Particular Afirmativa, Particular Negativa.

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Analíticos Anteriores – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
s da utilização do verbo ser (nas universais, são). Contudo, em seu texto são encontradas formas que hoje não são ortodoxas, como P pertence a todo S (ao invés de Todo S é P, como hoje em dia). Existem quatro tipos de proposições: Universal Afirmativa, Universal Negativa, Particular Afirmativa, Particular Negativa. Na tradição medieval foram-lhes atribuídas as seguintes letras: A, E, I, O, respectivamente. As Figuras[editar | editar código-fonte] Nas proposições das premissas um termo aparecia nec

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Existem quatro tipos de proposições, de acordo com Aristóteles: [...], [...] , [...] , [...] .

Answer

Universal Afirmativa
Universal Negativa
Particular Afirmativa
Particular Negativa

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Existem quatro tipos de proposições, de acordo com Aristóteles: Universal Afirmativa, Universal Negativa, Particular Afirmativa, Particular Negativa.

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Linux command to see free/used disk space on whole system/os level?

Answer

df -h

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The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle's Organon that deals with demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge

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Posterior Analytics - Wikipedia
Athenians Rhetoric Poetics Rhetoric Rhetoric to Alexander Poetics Fragments Fragments* Aristotle Aristotelianism [*]: Authenticity disputed strikethrough: Generally agreed to be spurious v t e The Posterior Analytics (Greek: Ἀναλυτικὰ Ὕστερα; Latin: Analytica Posteriora) is a text from Aristotle's Organon that deals with demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge. The demonstration is distinguished as a syllogism productive of scientific knowledge, while the definition marked as the statement of a thing's nature, ... a statement of the meaning o

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The [...] is a text from Aristotle's Organon that deals with demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge

Answer

Posterior Analytics

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The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle 's Organon that deals with demonstration , definition , and scientific knowledge

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De acordo com Aristóteles:
When the premises are certain, true, and primary, and the conclusion formally follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called apodeictical. When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical.

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Posterior Analytics - Wikipedia
ises and the conclusion. Even where there is no fault in the form, there may be in the matter, i.e. the propositions of which it is composed, which may be true or false, probable or improbable. When the premises are certain, true, and primary, and the conclusion formally follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called apodeictical, and are dealt with in the two books of the Posterior Analytics. When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical, and these are dealt with in the eight books of the Topics. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical, and these are dealt with in the book On Sophistical Refutations. The contents of the Posterior Analytics may be summarised as follows: All demonstration must be founded on principles already known. The principles on which

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apodeictical

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When the premises are certain, true, and primary, and the conclusion formally follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called apodeictical. When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical. </spa

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De acordo com Aristóteles:
When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called [...].

Answer

dialectical

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ly follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called apodeictical. When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical.

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De acordo com Aristóteles:
A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called [...].

Answer

sophistical

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ms are called apodeictical. When the premises are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical.

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