on 08-Jun-2017 (Thu)

Few would argue that memorizing instructional content, so as to be able to reproduce the information verbatim from memory, is the ultimate goal of education

In short, spaced practice can improve students’ memory for essential facts and concepts, which in turn facilitates more complex learning and problem solving.

In brief, testing (or practicing retrieval from memory, relative to just rereading the material) boosts learning in various ways: improved mem- ory for the tested information (e.g., Kang, McDermott, & Roediger, 2007), slowed forgetting (e.g., Carpenter, Pashler, Wixted, & Vul, 2008), transfer of learning to new situations (e.g., Butler, 2010), generalization to new examples (e.g., Kang, McDaniel, & Pashler, 2011), potentiated subsequent learning (e.g., Arnold & McDermott, 2013), and augmented learner metacognition (e.g., Soderstrom & Bjork, 2014).

When Mohammed connected his mission with the teachings of Christians and Jews and when he revealed that the great Arab sanctuary of the Ka c ba in Mecca had been conse crated by Abraham, he gave greater depth to Arab historical consciousness,

The appropriation of biblical his tory had put the Muslims at the end of one great development; the acquaintance with Persian history made the Muslim state heir of another which, while of slighter religious significance, was of equal imaginative value and whose lesson in statecraft considerably excelled that furnished by the edifying legends of scriptural origin.

And it was from the Greeks and Romans that the Arabs learned abstract thinking and the forming and handling of an abstract terminology.

In exactly one hundred years, between the death of the Prophet in 632 and the Battle of Tours and Poitiers, Islam carved out its dominion.

The cash flow statement provides important information about a company's cash receipts and cash payments during an accounting period as well as information about a company's operating, investing and financing activities. Although the income statement provides a measure of a company's success, cash and cash flow are also vital to a company's long-term success. Information on the sources and uses of cash helps creditors, investors, and other statement users evaluate the company's liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.

Cash receipts and cash payments during a period are classified in the statement of cash flows into three different activities:

Operating Activities

These involve the cash effects of transactions that enter into the determination of net income and changes in the working capital accounts (accounts receivable, inventory, and accounts payable). Cash flows from operating activities (CFOs) reflect the company's ability to generate sufficient cash from its continuing operations. CFOs are derived by converting the income statement from an accrual basis to a cash basis. For most companies, positive operating cash flows are essential for long-run survival.

The major operating cash flows are (1) cash received from customers, (2) cash paid to suppliers and employees, (3) interest and dividends received, (4) interest paid, and (5) income taxes paid.

Special items to note:

• Interest and dividend revenue, and interest expenses, are considered operating activities, but dividends paid are considered financing activities. Note that interest expense is reported on the income statement while dividends flow through the retained earnings statement.

  Remember that an interest/dividend item is an operating activity if it appears on the income statement. For example, payments of dividends do not appear on the income statement, and thus are not classified as operating activities.

• All income taxes are considered operating activities, even if some arise from financing or investing.

• Indirect borrowing using accounts payable is not considered a financing activity - such borrowing would be classified as an operating activity.

Investing Activities

These include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of investments (both debt and equity) and property, plants, and equipment. In general, these items relate to the long-term asset items on the balance sheet. Investing cash flows reflect how a company plans its expansions.

Examples are:

• Sale or purchase of property, plant and equipment.
• Investments in joint ventures and affiliates and long-term investments in securities.
• Loans to other entities or collection of loans from other entities.

Financing Activities

These involve liability and owner's equity items, and include:

• Obtaining capital from owners and providing them with a return on (and a return of) their investments.
• Borrowing money from creditors and repaying the amounts borrowed.

In general, the items in this section relate to the debt and the equity items on the balance sheet. Financing cash flows reflect how the company plans to finance its expansion and reward its owners.

Examples:

• Dividends paid to stockholders (not interest paid to creditors!). Note that the cash outflow caused by dividends is determined by dividends paid, not dividends declared. Dividends paid are not reflected in the retained earnings account. The amount is provided in the supplementary information.
• Issue or repurchase of the company's stocks.
• Issue or retirement of long-term debt (including the current portion of long-term debt).

Purchase of debt and equity securities from other entities (sale of debt or equity securities of other entities) and loans to other entities (collection of loans to other entities) are

...

Financing cash flows reflect how the company plans to finance its expansion and reward its owners.