on 15-Jun-2016 (Wed)

Tags

#urology

Question

With a [...] you can have initial retension of urine from detrusor areflexia due to spinal shock

Answer

With a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) you can have initial retension of urine from detrusor areflexia due to spinal shock

NB: CVA = stroke

Tags

#urology

Question

Autonomic dysreflexia is secondary to exaggerated sympathetic outflow in response to stimuli below the SC lesion.
It occurs with SC injury above [what level] only.

Answer

T6

NB: stimuli = bladder distention, rectal manipulation, fracture, cystoscopy, etc

Tags

#exam #nephrology

Question

What are complications of therapy for minimal change nephrotic syndrome in kids?

Answer

steroids, cytotoxic drugs, diuretics, etc

NB: what it said in the notes; not sure if means these cause complications

Question

Answer

Endocarditis

Question

Answer

Papillary muscle rupture

Question

Infectious Endocarditis: [...] -> abn functioning cusps (might get better with abx)
-even after healing, can end up with healed perforation
-septic vegetations can be very destructive

Answer

aortic valve vegetations

Question

Infectious Endocarditis: aortic valve vegetations -> [...] (might get better with abx)
-even after healing, can end up with healed perforation
-septic vegetations can be very destructive

Answer

abn functioning cusps

Question

Infectious Endocarditis: aortic valve vegetations -> abn functioning cusps ([...])
-even after healing, can end up with healed perforation
-septic vegetations can be very destructive

Answer

might get better with abx

Question

Infectious Endocarditis: aortic valve vegetations -> abn functioning cusps (might get better with abx)
-even after healing, can end up with [...]
-septic vegetations can be very destructive

Answer

healed perforation

Question

Infectious Endocarditis: aortic valve vegetations -> abn functioning cusps (might get better with abx)
-even after healing, can end up with healed perforation
-[...] can be very destructive

Answer

septic vegetations

Question

Answer

marantic

Question

Answer

sterile

Question

Answer

non‐inflamed

Question

Answer

smaller

Question

Answer

underlying structures

Question

Answer

hypercoagulable state

Question

Answer

mucin secreting cancers

Question

Answer

collagen vascular disease (e.g. lupus – called Limban‐Sacks endocarditis)

Question

Answer

lupus – called Limban‐Sacks endocarditis

Question

mechanical valves generally put in [...] pt's because they're more prone to form fibrous tissue & calcium, which leads to acceleration of valve degeneration

pts will need significant anticoagulation with mechanical valves

most common = bi-leaflet

Answer

younger

Question

mechanical valves generally put in younger pt's because they're more prone to form [...] tissue & calcium, which leads to acceleration of valve degeneration

pts will need significant anticoagulation with mechanical valves

most common = bi-leaflet

Answer

fibrous

Question

mechanical valves generally put in younger pt's because they're more prone to form fibrous tissue & [...], which leads to acceleration of valve degeneration

pts will need significant anticoagulation with mechanical valves

most common = bi-leaflet

Answer

calcium

Question

mechanical valves generally put in younger pt's because they're more prone to form fibrous tissue & calcium, which leads to acceleration of
[...]
pts will need significant anticoagulation with mechanical valves

most common = bi-leaflet

Answer

valve degeneration

Question

mechanical valves generally put in younger pt's because they're more prone to form fibrous tissue & calcium, which leads to acceleration of valve degeneration

pts will need significant [...] with mechanical valves

most common = bi-leaflet

Answer

anticoagulation

Question

mechanical valves generally put in younger pt's because they're more prone to form fibrous tissue & calcium, which leads to acceleration of valve degeneration

pts will need significant anticoagulation with mechanical valves

most common = [...]

Answer

bi-leaflet

Question

Answer

Mechanical valve thrombosis

Question

Answer

if not properly anticoagulated

Question

Answer

Pannus overgrowth (fibrous tissue)

Question

Answer

stenosis

Question

Answer

slow reaction against foreign object

Question

Pathology of Aortic stenosis:
-[...]
-degenerative (Ca & fibrosis restricts valve opening)

• calcific (wear & tear)
• ​rheumatic

Answer

congenital bicuspid valve

Question

Pathology of Aortic stenosis:
-congenital bicuspid valve
-[...]

• calcific (wear & tear)
• ​rheumatic

Answer

degenerative (Ca & fibrosis restricts valve opening)

Question

Pathology of Aortic stenosis:
-congenital bicuspid valve
-degenerative ([...] restricts valve opening)

• calcific (wear & tear)
• ​rheumatic

Answer

Ca & fibrosis

Question

Pathology of Aortic stenosis:
-congenital bicuspid valve
-degenerative (Ca & fibrosis restricts valve opening)

• [...]
• ​rheumatic

Answer

calcific (wear & tear)

Question

Pathology of Aortic stenosis:
-congenital bicuspid valve
-degenerative (Ca & fibrosis restricts valve opening)

• calcific (wear & tear)
• ​

[...]

Answer

rheumatic

Question

Progression of aortic stenosis:
-[...]% reduction in valve orifice results in minimal pressure gradient
-Increments beyond this produce exponential increases in gradient
-Progression is variable between individuals
-Careful, frequent follow-up is important

Answer

50

Question

Progression of aortic stenosis:
-50% reduction in [...] results in minimal pressure gradient
-Increments beyond this produce exponential increases in gradient
-Progression is variable between individuals
-Careful, frequent follow-up is important

Answer

valve orifice

Question

Progression of aortic stenosis:
-50% reduction in valve orifice results in [...]
-Increments beyond this produce exponential increases in gradient
-Progression is variable between individuals
-Careful, frequent follow-up is important

Answer

minimal pressure gradient

Question

Progression of aortic stenosis:
-50% reduction in valve orifice results in minimal pressure gradient
-Increments beyond this produce [...] in gradient
-Progression is variable between individuals
-Careful, frequent follow-up is important

Answer

exponential increases

Question

Progression of aortic stenosis:
-50% reduction in valve orifice results in minimal pressure gradient
-Increments beyond this produce exponential increases in gradient
-Progression is variable between individuals
-[...] is important

Answer

Careful, frequent follow-up

Question

Syncope:
-Classically [...]
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

exertional

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is [...] and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

fixed

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot [...] with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

rise

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---[...] occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

Vasodilation

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → [...] & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

Blood pressure

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & [...] fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

cerebral perfusion

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from [...]
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

arrhythmia

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---[...]
---Bradycardia (heart block)

Answer

Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)

Question

Syncope:
-Classically exertional
---Cardiac output is fixed and cannot rise with exercise
---Vasodilation occurs during exercise → Blood pressure & cerebral perfusion fall

-May also be from arrhythmia
---Tachycardia (ventricular or atrial)
---[...]

Answer

Bradycardia (heart block)

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is [...]
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

basically non-existent

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = [...] treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

mechanical

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-[...] drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

Afterload-reducing

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = [...] x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

CO

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x [...] (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

resistance

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will [...] b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

shoot down

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't [...])
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

increase to compensate

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: [3 things]
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

history, exam, echocardiogram

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: [...]
---Treat associated atherosclerotic risk factors

Answer

endocarditis risk

Question

-Medical therapy for Aortic stenosis is basically non-existent
-Mechanical problem = mechanical treatment
-Afterload-reducing drugs are contraindicated
---BP = CO x resistance (by reducing resistance, BP will shoot down b/c CO can't increase to compensate)
-Mild to moderate asymptomatic aortic stenosis:
---Close follow up: history, exam, echocardiogram
---Warn re: endocarditis risk
---Treat associated [...]

Answer

atherosclerotic risk factors

Question

[...] will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in [...] and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

left ventricular fibrosis

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and
[...]
As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

systolic dysfunction

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, [...] and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

wall tension

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and [...] rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

filling pressure

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

[...] falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

Ejection fraction

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing [...] and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

stroke volume

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and
[...]
Irreversible structural changes may occur prior to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

forward output

Question

Chronic severe aortic regurgitation will eventually result in left ventricular fibrosis and systolic dysfunction

As the ventricle dilates further, wall tension and filling pressure rise

Ejection fraction falls, reducing stroke volume and forward output

Irreversible structural changes may occur [...] to the development of symptoms
-one of the insidious features of regurgitation is that by the time sx's occur, you're already in big trouble

Answer

prior

Question

Aortic stenosis → [...]
--“Concentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for symptoms

Aortic regurgitation → volume overload
--“Eccentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for adverse ventricular remodeling

Answer

pressure overload

Question

Aortic stenosis → pressure overload
--“Concentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for symptoms

Aortic regurgitation → [...]
--“Eccentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for adverse ventricular remodeling

Answer

volume overload

Question

Aortic stenosis → pressure overload
--“[...] hypertrophy”
--Operate for symptoms

Aortic regurgitation → volume overload
--“Eccentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for adverse ventricular remodeling

Answer

Concentric

Question

Aortic stenosis → pressure overload
--“Concentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for symptoms

Aortic regurgitation → volume overload
--“[...] hypertrophy”
--Operate for adverse ventricular remodeling

Answer

Eccentric

Question

Aortic stenosis → pressure overload
--“Concentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for
[...]
Aortic regurgitation → volume overload
--“Eccentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for adverse ventricular remodeling

Answer

symptoms

Question

Aortic stenosis → pressure overload
--“Concentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for symptoms

Aortic regurgitation → volume overload
--“Eccentric hypertrophy”
--Operate for [...]

Answer

adverse ventricular remodeling

Question

Etiology of mitral stenosis

Rare causes: [...], Atrial myxoma, Endocarditis, Carcinoid valvulopathy, Congenital

Answer

Calcified mitral annulus

Question

Etiology of mitral stenosis

Rare causes: Calcified mitral annulus, [...], Endocarditis, Carcinoid valvulopathy, Congenital

Answer

Atrial myxoma

Question

Etiology of mitral stenosis

Rare causes: Calcified mitral annulus, Atrial myxoma, [...], Carcinoid valvulopathy, Congenital

Answer

Endocarditis

Question

Etiology of mitral stenosis

Rare causes: Calcified mitral annulus, Atrial myxoma, Endocarditis, [...], Congenital

Answer

Carcinoid valvulopathy

Question

Etiology of mitral stenosis

Rare causes: Calcified mitral annulus, Atrial myxoma, Endocarditis, Carcinoid valvulopathy, [...]

Answer

Congenital

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of [...] mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

25

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 25mmHg causes [...] into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

transudation of fluid

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 25mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in [...]

-Increases in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

dyspnea

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 25mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures raise [...]

Answer

pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of [...] mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and capillary pressures raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

25

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 25mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and [...] raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

capillary pressures

Tags

#has-images

Question

Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis:

-A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 25mmHg causes transudation of fluid into alveoli, resulting in dyspnea

-Increases in pulmonary venous and [...] raise pulmonary artery systolic pressure (pulm HTN)

Answer

capillary pressures

Tags

#has-images

Question

What increases with mitral stenosis?

Tags

#has-images

Question

What pressures are elevated as a result of mitral stenosis?

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-[...] & hemoptysis
-Atrial fibrillation and cardioembolism
-Right heart failure
-Endocarditis

Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-Pulmonary edema & [...]
-Atrial fibrillation and cardioembolism
-Right heart failure
-Endocarditis

Answer

hemoptysis

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-Pulmonary edema & hemoptysis
-[...] and cardioembolism
-Right heart failure
-Endocarditis

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-Pulmonary edema & hemoptysis
-Atrial fibrillation and [...]
-Right heart failure
-Endocarditis

Answer

cardioembolism

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-Pulmonary edema & hemoptysis
-Atrial fibrillation and cardioembolism
-[...]
-Endocarditis

Answer

Right heart failure

Question

Complications of mitral stenosis:

-Pulmonary edema & hemoptysis
-Atrial fibrillation and cardioembolism
-Right heart failure
-[...]

Answer

Endocarditis

Question

New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class:

I - [...]
II - slight limitation, symptoms with ordinary activity
III - marked limitation, symptoms with less than ordinary activity
IV - symptoms at rest or any activity

Answer

no limitation

Question

New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class:

I - no limitation
II - [...]
III - marked limitation, symptoms with less than ordinary activity
IV - symptoms at rest or any activity

Answer

slight limitation, symptoms with ordinary activity

Question

New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class:

I - no limitation
II - slight limitation, symptoms with ordinary activity
III - [...]
IV - symptoms at rest or any activity

Answer

marked limitation, symptoms with less than ordinary activity

Question

New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class:

I - no limitation
II - slight limitation, symptoms with ordinary activity
III - marked limitation, symptoms with less than ordinary activity
IV - [...]

Answer

symptoms at rest or any activity

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA [...] & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

III-IV

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < [...] cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

1.5

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---severe [...] & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 )

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe [...] & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg)

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA
[...]
-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

I-II

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---[...] patients with moderate or worse mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

Asymptomatic

Question

Indications for Intervention in mitral stenosis:

-Definite
---NYHA III-IV & valve area < 1.5 cm^2

-Very Probable
---Severe mitral stenosis (< 1.0 cm^2 ) & severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure > 60-80 mmHg) & NYHA I-II

-Probable
---Asymptomatic patients with [...] mitral stenosis (< 1.5 cm^2 ) with new onset atrial fibrillation

Answer

moderate or worse