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Flashcard 1349174562060

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#co-ownership #land #law
Question
remember that a minimum of two trustees is necessary to give a valid receipt and thus enable overreaching to operate: [Statute].
Answer
LPA 1925, s 27

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remember that a minimum of two trustees is necessary to give a valid receipt and thus enable overreaching to operate: LPA 1925, s 27.

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Flashcard 1366879767820

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#freedom-of-person #human-rights #public
Question
The present provisions allow the police to detain a person for up to 48 hours on their own authority from the time of arrest (Terrorism Act 2000, s [...]).
Answer
41(3)

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The present provisions allow the police to detain a person for up to 48 hours on their own authority from the time of arrest (Terrorism Act 2000, s 41(3)).

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Flashcard 1366881340684

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#freedom-of-person #human-rights #public
Question
suspects are entitled to consult a solicitor in private at any time.
Answer
PACE 1984, s 58

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Under the PACE 1984, s 58, suspects are entitled to consult a solicitor in private at any time.

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Flashcard 1366883699980

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#freedom-of-person #human-rights #public
Question
Under the PACE 1984, s [...], suspects are entitled to consult a solicitor in private at any time.
Answer
58

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Under the PACE 1984, s 58, suspects are entitled to consult a solicitor in private at any time.

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Flashcard 1366885272844

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#hra #law #public
Question
under the Human Rights Act 1998, s 2(1) courts are only required to take into account Strasbourg's jurisprudence
Answer
R v Horncastle

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ts submitted that their convictions breached the ECHR, art 6(3)(d), which guarantees the right of an accused to cross-examine witnesses at a criminal trial, as well as the ECHR, art 6(1).The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. It held that <span>under the Human Rights Act 1998, s 2(1) it was only required to take into account Strasbourg's jurisprudence, and in this particular case it declined to follow the Chamber's decision in Al-Khawaja (see section 9.2.1 on the Human Rights Act 1998, s 2(1)). The Supreme Court held that the admis

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Flashcard 1366888942860

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Question
According to the convention of [...], the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and government are collectively responsible to the House of Commons for their conduct of national affairs and must resign if defeated in a ‘vote of no confidence'.
Answer
collective ministerial responsibility

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According to the convention of collective ministerial responsibility, the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and government are collectively responsible to the House of Commons for their conduct of national affairs and must resign if defeated in a ‘vote of no co

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Flashcard 1366892612876

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Question
'The more purely political (in a broad or narrow sense) a question is, the more appropriate it will be for political resolution and the less likely it is to be an appropriate matter for judicial decision'
Answer
R on the application of A & Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56

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ive to account is that it is not sufficiently independent in the political sense. In accordance with the principle of separation of powers (see further in Chapter 4), the courts are reluctant to interfere with matters of government policy. <span>'The more purely political (in a broad or narrow sense) a question is, the more appropriate it will be for political resolution and the less likely it is to be an appropriate matter for judicial decision' (R on the application of A & Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56; [2005] 2 AC 68). So, when the issue at stake is more political in nature, the court

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Flashcard 1366897855756

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Question
In the UK, many commentators have warned of the potential dangers of such fusion, particularly given the strong degree of control exercised by the political parties over their MPs, through the whipping system, and the general tendency since 1945 for governing parties to enjoy significant parliamentary majorities in a 'first past the post' electoral system. [who] and from 1979–87, commenting on the relationship between these two bodies of state, coined the phrase 'elective dictatorship' in describing executive dominance over the legislature.
Answer
Lord Hailsham, Lord Chancellor from 1970–74

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of control exercised by the political parties over their MPs, through the whipping system, and the general tendency since 1945 for governing parties to enjoy significant parliamentary majorities in a 'first past the post' electoral system. <span>Lord Hailsham, Lord Chancellor from 1970–74 and from 1979–87, commenting on the relationship between these two bodies of state, coined the phrase 'elective dictatorship' in describing executive dominance over the legislature.</s

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Flashcard 1366900215052

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Question
In the UK, many commentators have warned of the potential dangers of such fusion, particularly given the strong degree of control exercised by the political parties over their MPs, through the whipping system, and the general tendency since 1945 for governing parties to enjoy significant parliamentary majorities in a 'first past the post' electoral system. Lord Hailsham, Lord Chancellor from [...] and from 1979–87, commenting on the relationship between these two bodies of state, coined the phrase 'elective dictatorship' in describing executive dominance over the legislature.
Answer
1970–74

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l parties over their MPs, through the whipping system, and the general tendency since 1945 for governing parties to enjoy significant parliamentary majorities in a 'first past the post' electoral system. Lord Hailsham, Lord Chancellor from <span>1970–74 and from 1979–87, commenting on the relationship between these two bodies of state, coined the phrase 'elective dictatorship' in describing executive dominance over the legislature.</s

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Flashcard 1366902050060

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Question
Judicial influence on the development of law can be a strong one, therefore. However, it is very important to note that Parliament ultimately has the ability to override the effect of a judicial decision by passing legislation to nullify it. In [case] the court had upheld a claim for compensation against the Crown in respect of damage done by British forces during wartime. To nullify the effect of this decision, the War Damage Act 1965 was passed, with retrospective effect, to deny entitlement to compensation.
Answer
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate, [1965] AC 75

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ial influence on the development of law can be a strong one, therefore. However, it is very important to note that Parliament ultimately has the ability to override the effect of a judicial decision by passing legislation to nullify it. In <span>Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate, [1965] AC 75 the court had upheld a claim for compensation against the Crown in respect of damage done by British forces during wartime. To nullify the effect of this decision, the War Damage Act 1

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Flashcard 1366904409356

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Question
Judicial influence on the development of law can be a strong one, therefore. However, it is very important to note that Parliament ultimately has the ability to override the effect of a judicial decision by passing legislation to nullify it. In Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate, [1965] AC 75 the court had upheld a claim for compensation against the Crown in respect of damage done by British forces during wartime. To nullify the effect of this decision, the [statute] was passed, with retrospective effect, to deny entitlement to compensation.
Answer
War Damage Act 1965

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lation to nullify it. In Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate, [1965] AC 75 the court had upheld a claim for compensation against the Crown in respect of damage done by British forces during wartime. To nullify the effect of this decision, the <span>War Damage Act 1965 was passed, with retrospective effect, to deny entitlement to compensation. <span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1366907292940

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Question
As a result of these many overlaps, several academic writers have been sceptical over whether the concept of separation of powers properly exists in the UK. See for example [who], who commented that: 'no writer of repute would claim that it [separation of powers] is a central feature of the modern British Constitution'.
Answer
Professor SA de Smith

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As a result of these many overlaps, several academic writers have been sceptical over whether the concept of separation of powers properly exists in the UK. See for example Professor SA de Smith, who commented that: 'no writer of repute would claim that it [separation of powers] is a central feature of the modern British Constitution'.

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Flashcard 1366910438668

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Question
In the case of [case] the court refused to support the plaintiff's argument that he had a right to privacy. In contrast to the cases discussed earlier (see section 4.3.1.1), where the courts were criticised for judicial law-making in areas of significant public importance, the court in "M" can be seen to have been more deferential and conscious of not encroaching on to what it saw as the legislature's territory.
Answer
Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, [1979] CH 344

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In the case of Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, [1979] CH 344 the court refused to support the plaintiff's argument that he had a right to privacy. In contrast to the cases discussed earlier (see section 4.3.1.1), where the courts were criticised

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Flashcard 1366913060108

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Question
'It is contrary to the general rule of law, not only in this country, but in every other, to make a person judge in his own case ... ' [who] (later first Lord of Appeal in Ordinary) 1866
Answer
Justice Blackburn

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'It is contrary to the general rule of law, not only in this country, but in every other, to make a person judge in his own case ... ' Justice Blackburn (later first Lord of Appeal in Ordinary) 1866

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Flashcard 1366915943692

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Question
R (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] EWHC 714
Answer
The court considered the decision by the Director of the Serious Fraud Office to halt investigation into bribery allegations regarding arms contracts with the government of Saudi Arabia. This provoked an explicit threat made by Saudi representatives to the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff, leading to a suspension of the investigation. The Divisional Court concluded that the decision to halt the investigation represented asurrender to an external threat and therefore ran directly contrary to the constitutional principle of the rule of law. It therefore quashed the Director's decision. The House of Lords (see [2008] UKHL 60) subsequently reversed this judgment, however, concluding that the Director had been entitled to conclude that the public interest in pursuing an important investigation into alleged bribery was outweighed by the wider public interest in protecting national security.

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In R (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] EWHC 714, the court considered the decision by the Director of the Serious Fraud Office to halt investigation into bribery allegations regarding arms contracts with the government of Saudi Arabi

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Flashcard 1366918302988

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Question
In R (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] EWHC 714, the court considered the decision by the Director of the Serious Fraud Office to halt investigation into bribery allegations regarding arms contracts with the government of Saudi Arabia. This provoked an explicit threat made by Saudi representatives to the Prime Minister's Chief of Staff, leading to a suspension of the investigation. The Divisional Court concluded that the decision to halt the investigation represented asurrender to an external threat and therefore ran directly contrary to the constitutional principle of the rule of law. It therefore quashed the Director's decision. The House of Lords (see [2008] UKHL 60) subsequently reversed this judgment, however, concluding that the Director [...]
Answer
had been entitled to conclude that the public interest in pursuing an important investigation into alleged bribery was outweighed by the wider public interest in protecting national security.

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erefore ran directly contrary to the constitutional principle of the rule of law. It therefore quashed the Director's decision. The House of Lords (see [2008] UKHL 60) subsequently reversed this judgment, however, concluding that the Director <span>had been entitled to conclude that the public interest in pursuing an important investigation into alleged bribery was outweighed by the wider public interest in protecting national security.<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1366920137996

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s [...]. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of a case.
Answer
1

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span>In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s <span>1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of

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Flashcard 1366921710860

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act [...], s 1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of a case.
Answer
2005

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>In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s 1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the conte

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Flashcard 1366923283724

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the [statute] 2005, s 1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of a case.
Answer
Constitutional Reform Act

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s 1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the c

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Flashcard 1366925643020

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the [statute]. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of a case.
Answer
Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s 1

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In the UK, the rule of law has arguably become a more significant and constitutionally important concept in recent years, as illustrated by direct reference to it as a 'constitutional principle' in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s 1. Interestingly, there is no definition of what is meant by the 'rule of law' in the Act. Instead, the drafters left it to the judges to interpret what the term means in the context of

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Flashcard 1366928526604

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Question
The degree to which judicial culture has moved away from the more deferential past is illustrated by the tension that has arisen between the government and the judiciary (and to some extent within the judiciary) over the courts' scrutiny of issues of a more political and diplomatic nature. A further illuminating example of this can be seen in [case] in which the Supreme Court upheld the issue of a writ of habeas corpus on the UK government, requiring it to seek to procure the release of the claimant who had been held by US forces in the Bagram Airbase since 2004.
Answer
Rahmatullah v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, [2012] UKSC 48

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tension that has arisen between the government and the judiciary (and to some extent within the judiciary) over the courts' scrutiny of issues of a more political and diplomatic nature. A further illuminating example of this can be seen in <span>Rahmatullah v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, [2012] UKSC 48 in which the Supreme Court upheld the issue of a writ of habeas corpus on the UK government, requiring it to seek to procure the release of the claimant who had been held by US forces

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Flashcard 1366932458764

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The theory suggests that Parliament can pass legislation, however absurd, unjust or impractical. [who]'s often-quoted example (from 1882) was that Parliament could pass a law ordering the death of all blue-eyed babies.
Answer
Sir Leslie Stephen

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The theory suggests that Parliament can pass legislation, however absurd, unjust or impractical. Sir Leslie Stephen's often-quoted example (from 1882) was that Parliament could pass a law ordering the death of all blue-eyed babies.

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Flashcard 1366935342348

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Question
In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, Lord Hoffmann stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, [...]'.
Answer
legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights

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In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, Lord Hoffmann stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights'.

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Flashcard 1366936915212

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Question
In [case], Lord Hoffmann stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights'.
Answer
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115

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In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, Lord Hoffmann stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights'

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Flashcard 1366939274508

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Question
In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, [who] stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights'.
Answer
Lord Hoffmann

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In R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115, Lord Hoffmann stated, obiter, that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means 'that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights'.</

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Flashcard 1366942420236

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Question
[Cases (2)]. Both cases involved plaintiffs claiming compensation for property that had been compulsorily purchased from them. According to the defendants, the level of compensation was to be assessed in compliance with the Housing Act 1925. The plaintiffs refuted this, however. They argued that the assessment should be calculated according to the more generous terms of the Acquisition of Land Act 1919, which had expressly stipulated that its provisions were to prevail over any others passed or to be passed. The court held that it was bound to apply the terms of the later 1925 Act. If the plaintiff's claim had succeeded, the 1919 Act would effectively have become entrenched.
Answer
Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation [1932] and Ellen St Estates v Minister of Health [1934]

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Vauxhall Estates v Liverpool Corporation [1932] 1 KB 133 and Ellen St Estates v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590. Both cases involved plaintiffs claiming compensation for property that had been compulsorily purchased from them. According to the defendants, the level of compensation was to be as

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Flashcard 1366945041676

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Question
In [case], a case concerning UK membership of the European Community, the issue of the limits on Parliamentary sovereignty was discussed again. Lord Denning highlighted the distinction between legal and political theory.

'We have all been brought up to believe that, in legal theory, one parliament cannot bind another and that no act is irreversible. But legal theory does not always march alongside political reality. Take the Statute of Westminster 1931 ... Can anyone imagine that Parliament could or would reverse that statute? Take the Acts which have granted independence to the Dominions....Can anyone imagine that parliament could or would reverse those laws and take away their independence? Most clearly not. Freedom once given cannot be taken away. Legal theory must give way to practical politics.'

Answer
Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR

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In Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR, a case concerning UK membership of the European Community, the issue of the limits on Parliamentary sovereignty was discussed again. Lord Denning highlighted the distinction between le

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Flashcard 1366947663116

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For this reason, some later judges have doubted their views. [case] concerned an amendment to the Constitution of Canada by an Act of Parliament. Megarry VC clearly re-stated the orthodox view of sovereignty.

'I have grave doubts about the theory of the transfer of sovereignty as affecting the competence of parliament. In my view, it is a fundamental of the English constitution that parliament is supreme. As a matter of law the courts of England recognise parliament as being omnipotent in all save the power to destroy its own omnipotence. Under the authority of parliament the courts of a territory may be released from their legal duty to obey parliament, but that does not touch on the acceptance by the English courts of all that parliament does. Nor must validity in law be confused with practical enforceability.'

Answer
Manuel v Attorney General [1983] Ch 77

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For this reason, some later judges have doubted their views. Manuel v Attorney General [1983] Ch 77 concerned an amendment to the Constitution of Canada by an Act of Parliament. Megarry VC clearly re-stated the orthodox view of sovereignty. 'I have grave doubts about the t

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Flashcard 1366950546700

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This issue came to the fore once more following the enactment of the [statute], which introduced a 'referendum lock', a statutory framework requiring a national referendum to be held before further amendments can be made to the founding Treaties of the European Union. This followed on from the coalition government's pledge to obtain popular approval for any further transfer of sovereignty or powers to EU institutions. The referendum lock provision in the Act seemed to extend this pledge beyond the last Parliament by creating a manner and form requirement, which arguably binds future governments.
Answer
European Union Act 2011

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This issue came to the fore once more following the enactment of the European Union Act 2011, which introduced a 'referendum lock', a statutory framework requiring a national referendum to be held before further amendments can be made to the founding Treaties of the European

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Flashcard 1366953954572

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Question
Lord Denning, in [case], described the effect of the ECA 1972 as follows:

'When we come to matters with a European element the Treaty is like an incoming tide. It flows into the estuaries and up the rivers. It cannot be held back ... Parliament has decreed that the Treaty is henceforward to be part of our Law. It is equal in force to any Statute.'

Answer
Bulmer v Bollinger [1974] 2 All ER 1226

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Lord Denning, in Bulmer v Bollinger [1974] 2 All ER 1226, described the effect of the ECA 1972 as follows: 'When we come to matters with a European element the Treaty is like an incoming tide. It flows into the estuaries and up t

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The ECA 1972, s [...] gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under the Treaties, and all such remedies and procedures from time to time provided for by or under the Treaties, as in accordance with the Treaties are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom, shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed, and followed accordingly; and the expression "enforceable Community right" and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.'
Answer
2(1)

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The ECA 1972, s 2(1) gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under

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The ECA [year], s 2(1) gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under the Treaties, and all such remedies and procedures from time to time provided for by or under the Treaties, as in accordance with the Treaties are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom, shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed, and followed accordingly; and the expression "enforceable Community right" and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.'
Answer
1972

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The ECA 1972, s 2(1) gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by

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The [statute] gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under the Treaties, and all such remedies and procedures from time to time provided for by or under the Treaties, as in accordance with the Treaties are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom, shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed, and followed accordingly; and the expression "enforceable Community right" and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.'
Answer
ECA 1972, s 2(1)

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The ECA 1972, s 2(1) gives direct effect to Community law within the UK. It provides that: 'All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising by or under

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The ECA 1972, s [...] provides that: '… any Act passed or to be passed shall be construed and have effect [subject to directly applicable Community Law].'
Answer
2(4)

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The ECA 1972, s 2(4) provides that: '… any Act passed or to be passed shall be construed and have effect [subject to directly applicable Community Law].'

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The [statute] provides that: '… any Act passed or to be passed shall be construed and have effect [subject to directly applicable Community Law].'
Answer
ECA 1972, s 2(4)

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The ECA 1972, s 2(4) provides that: '… any Act passed or to be passed shall be construed and have effect [subject to directly applicable Community Law].'

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According to the ECA 1972, s [...], questions of law relating to the Community shall be determined according to the principles and decisions laid down by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Answer
3(1)

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According to the ECA 1972, s 3(1), questions of law relating to the Community shall be determined according to the principles and decisions laid down by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

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According to the [statute], questions of law relating to the Community shall be determined according to the principles and decisions laid down by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Answer
ECA 1972, s 3(1)

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According to the ECA 1972, s 3(1), questions of law relating to the Community shall be determined according to the principles and decisions laid down by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

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Subsequent cases have shown the courts willing to go further and to dis-apply sections within statutes that seem clearly to conflict with EU law, even without a reference to the ECJ. The most powerful example of this was the House of Lords' decision in [case]. This case involved the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, a UK statute that required part-time workers to work for five years before they received redundancy and unfair dismissal compensation rights. (Full-time workers only had to complete two years). Part-time workers were largely female and thus the rules were considered indirectly discriminatory to women (contrary to the EU Treaty, art 141 giving women equal pay rights). The House of Lords granted a declaration to that effect. As a result, industrial tribunals in the UK subsequently ignored the wording of the Act and granted part-time workers compensation rights if they had completed two years employment. Thus the Act, although remaining on the statute book for some time before its eventual amendment to comply with the Lords' ruling, was a dead-letter as far as the five-year qualifying period for part-timers was concerned. The effect of this decision was more far reaching than Factortame, as part of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 was completely suspended for all, whereas in Factortame (No 2) the Merchant Shipping Act 1998 was only suspended for EU nationals.
Answer
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1

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ases have shown the courts willing to go further and to dis-apply sections within statutes that seem clearly to conflict with EU law, even without a reference to the ECJ. The most powerful example of this was the House of Lords' decision in <span>R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1. This case involved the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, a UK statute that required part-time workers to work for five years before they received redundancy and unfair

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Subsequent cases have shown the courts willing to go further and to dis-apply sections within statutes that seem clearly to conflict with EU law, even without a reference to the ECJ. The most powerful example of this was the House of Lords' decision in R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1. This case involved the [statute], a UK statute that required part-time workers to work for five years before they received redundancy and unfair dismissal compensation rights. (Full-time workers only had to complete two years). Part-time workers were largely female and thus the rules were considered indirectly discriminatory to women (contrary to the EU Treaty, art 141 giving women equal pay rights). The House of Lords granted a declaration to that effect. As a result, industrial tribunals in the UK subsequently ignored the wording of the Act and granted part-time workers compensation rights if they had completed two years employment. Thus the Act, although remaining on the statute book for some time before its eventual amendment to comply with the Lords' ruling, was a dead-letter as far as the five-year qualifying period for part-timers was concerned. The effect of this decision was more far reaching than Factortame, as part of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 was completely suspended for all, whereas in Factortame (No 2) the Merchant Shipping Act 1998 was only suspended for EU nationals.
Answer
Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978

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ct with EU law, even without a reference to the ECJ. The most powerful example of this was the House of Lords' decision in R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1. This case involved the <span>Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, a UK statute that required part-time workers to work for five years before they received redundancy and unfair dismissal compensation rights. (Full-time workers only had to complete

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Subsequent cases have shown the courts willing to go further and to dis-apply sections within statutes that seem clearly to conflict with EU law, even without a reference to the ECJ. The most powerful example of this was the House of Lords' decision in R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1. This case involved the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, a UK statute that required part-time workers to work for five years before they received redundancy and unfair dismissal compensation rights. (Full-time workers only had to complete two years). Part-time workers were largely female and thus the rules were considered indirectly discriminatory to women (contrary to the EU Treaty, art [...] giving women equal pay rights). The House of Lords granted a declaration to that effect. As a result, industrial tribunals in the UK subsequently ignored the wording of the Act and granted part-time workers compensation rights if they had completed two years employment. Thus the Act, although remaining on the statute book for some time before its eventual amendment to comply with the Lords' ruling, was a dead-letter as far as the five-year qualifying period for part-timers was concerned. The effect of this decision was more far reaching than Factortame, as part of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 was completely suspended for all, whereas in Factortame (No 2) the Merchant Shipping Act 1998 was only suspended for EU nationals.
Answer
141

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dancy and unfair dismissal compensation rights. (Full-time workers only had to complete two years). Part-time workers were largely female and thus the rules were considered indirectly discriminatory to women (contrary to the EU Treaty, art <span>141 giving women equal pay rights). The House of Lords granted a declaration to that effect. As a result, industrial tribunals in the UK subsequently ignored the wording of the Act and gra

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The classic, and often quoted, definition of the prerogative was laid down by Dicey, who stated that the prerogative was:

'[T]he residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority, which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the Crown … Every act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of this prerogative.' [who], Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885).

Answer
AV Dicey

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tionary or arbitrary authority, which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the Crown … Every act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of this prerogative.' <span>AV Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). <span><body><html>

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The Crown is not bound by statute except by express words or necessary implication.
Answer
Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of the City Bombay [1947] AC 58

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The Crown is not bound by statute except by express words or necessary implication. In Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of the City Bombay [1947] AC 58, the Privy Council reaffirmed and elaborated upon this principle. Lord du Parcq stated as follows: &#

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The Crown is not bound by statute except by express words or necessary implication. In [case], the Privy Council reaffirmed and elaborated upon this principle. Lord du Parcq stated as follows:

'If ... it is manifest from the very terms of the statute, that it was the intention of the legislature that the Crown should be bound, then the result is the same as if the Crown had been expressly named. It must then be inferred that the Crown, by assenting to the law, agreed to be bound by its provisions.'

Emphasising the strictness of the test, Lord du Parcq further stated that the agreement of the Crown to be bound could be inferred where it was apparent from the terms of the statute that 'its beneficent purpose must be wholly frustrated unless the Crown were bound'.
Answer
Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of the City Bombay [1947] AC 58

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The Crown is not bound by statute except by express words or necessary implication. In Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of the City Bombay [1947] AC 58, the Privy Council reaffirmed and elaborated upon this principle. Lord du Parcq stated as follows: 'If ... it is manifest from the very terms of the statute, that it was t

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Time does not run against the Crown at common law. However, the [statute] expressly requires the Crown to observe any statutory time limitations.
Answer
Crown Proceedings Act 1947

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Time does not run against the Crown at common law. However, the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 expressly requires the Crown to observe any statutory time limitations.

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Time does not run against the Crown at common law. However, the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 expressly requires the Crown to [...].
Answer
observe any statutory time limitations

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Time does not run against the Crown at common law. However, the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 expressly requires the Crown to observe any statutory time limitations.

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[case], where the Home Secretary sought to argue that she had a residual common law right using prerogative powers to amend the rules applying to immigration controls, in this case those that governed work permits for those in skilled occupations. The Supreme Court, led in this instance by Lord Hope, rejected this argument on the basis that ever since the Immigration Act 1971, matters pertaining to immigration control, previously governed by prerogative power, had been subject to statutory control alone. Any notable change in the relevant rules therefore had to be approved firstly by Parliament.
Answer
R (Alvi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] UKSC 33

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R (Alvi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] UKSC 33, where the Home Secretary sought to argue that she had a residual common law right using prerogative powers to amend the rules applying to immigration controls, in this case those tha

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The [...] principle applies where an Act of Parliament seeks to regulate a matter previously falling under the prerogative, but does not expressly abolish the prerogative. In this situation the statute will prevail.
Answer
De Keyser

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The De Keyser principle applies where an Act of Parliament seeks to regulate a matter previously falling under the prerogative, but does not expressly abolish the prerogative. In this situation the

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The De Keyser principle applies where an Act of Parliament seeks to regulate a matter previously falling under the prerogative, but does not expressly abolish the prerogative. In this situation [...].
Answer
the statute will prevail

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The De Keyser principle applies where an Act of Parliament seeks to regulate a matter previously falling under the prerogative, but does not expressly abolish the prerogative. In this situation the statute will prevail.

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Question
No new prerogatives can come into existence.
Answer
BBC v Johns [1965] Ch 32

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No new prerogatives can come into existence. In BBC v Johns [1965] Ch 32, the BBC claimed that the Crown had a monopoly of broadcasting, exercised through the BBC, which was therefore entitled to Crown exemption from income tax. This contention was unsucce

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The courts have long been able to rule upon whether a claimed prerogative power actually exists and, if so, on what the scope of that power actually is. In [case] (see Chapter 4), the Crown argued that a prerogative power existed to issue warrants for search and seizure of seditious material. However, the court ruled that such a prerogative did not exist and went on to declare that the search was unlawful because the warrant had no other legal basis either.
Answer
Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1029

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The courts have long been able to rule upon whether a claimed prerogative power actually exists and, if so, on what the scope of that power actually is. In Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1029 (see Chapter 4), the Crown argued that a prerogative power existed to issue warrants for search and seizure of seditious material. However, the court ruled that such a prerogative did

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Question
An exemption clause is a contractual term that purports to [...].
Answer
limit or exclude a liability that would otherwise attach to one of the contracting parties

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An exemption clause is a contractual term that purports to limit or exclude a liability that would otherwise attach to one of the contracting parties.

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In [case], Lord Diplock defined an exemption clause as a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'.
Answer
Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827

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In Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827, Lord Diplock defined an exemption clause as a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'.</ht

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In Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827, [who] defined an exemption clause as a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'.
Answer
Lord Diplock

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In Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827, Lord Diplock defined an exemption clause as a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'.

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In Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827, Lord Diplock defined an exemption clause as [...].
Answer
a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'

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In Photo Productions v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827, Lord Diplock defined an exemption clause as a clause 'which excludes or modifies an obligation, whether primary, general secondary or anticipatory secondary'.

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Question
How can an exemption clause be incorporated?
Answer
1. signature,
2. notice, or
3. a course of dealing.

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An exemption clause cannot be effective unless it is part of the contract. In other words, it must be incorporated into the contract. This can occur in one of three ways: signature, notice, or a course of dealing.

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Question
L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394
Answer
FACTS: E signed a printed contract of sale for an automatic vending machine without reading it. The machine proved unsatisfactory and E claimed damages for breach of the implied condition as to fitness for purpose under the Sale of Goods Act 1893 s 14(1). She was met with the defence that one of the printed terms of the sales agreement excluded the implied condition. HELD: The printed term excluded the implied condition under the Act. Since E had signed the contract, it was irrelevant that she had not read it, even though the sales agreement was in 'regrettably small print'.
As fate would have it, counsel for the sellers was one Denning. Shocked by the outcome of the case as well as by the way that the judgment was circulated in the trade, Lord Denning, as he was to become, took on the mantle of champion of the interests of consumers and other vulnerable parties. Thus it was that, for three decades after World War II, it was Denning's Court of Appeal that was in the vanguard of attempts to develop the law in ways that shielded a new class of consumer contractors against the abuse of standard form business practices – most notoriously perhaps by developing the doctrine of fundamental breach, see 11.3.2). As the Prologue explains, this created huge disruptions in the law of contract leading to statutory intervention and, eventually, to the bifurcation of the law so that business-to-consumer dealings were regulated separately from the main body of contract law.

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L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 FACTS: E signed a printed contract of sale for an automatic vending machine without reading it. The machine proved unsatisfactory and E claimed damages for breach of the implied conditio

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Question
When a document containing contractual terms is signed without there being any misrepresentation, the signing party is bound.
Answer
L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394

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When a document containing contractual terms is signed without there being any misrepresentation, the signing party is bound.

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the rule that a party who signs a contract will be bound by their signature is subject to the proviso that there has been no fraud or misrepresentation. In [case], it was held that a party may be prevented from relying on incorporation of an exemption clause through signature of a document if he has orally misrepresented the meaning of the clause to the other party
Answer
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805

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the rule that a party who signs a contract will be bound by their signature is subject to the proviso that there has been no fraud or misrepresentation. In Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co [1951] 1 KB 805, it was held that a party may be prevented from relying on incorporation of an exemption clause through signature of a document if he has orally misrepresented the meaning of the clau

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Question
A signature will not incorporate an exemption clause if the document signed does not have contractual effect
Answer
Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire [1996] CLC 1127

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a signature will not incorporate an exemption clause if the document signed does not have contractual effect (see Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire [1996] CLC 1127).

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Question
In assessing the degree of notice which is acceptable, it is clear that the party relying on the exemption clause need not show that he actually brought it to the notice of the other party, but only that he took reasonable steps to do so.
Answer
Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1876-77) LR 2 CPD 416

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In assessing the degree of notice which is acceptable, it is clear that the party relying on the exemption clause need not show that he actually brought it to the notice of the other party, but only that he took reasonable steps to do so.

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Question
Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1876-77) LR 2 CPD 416
Answer
FACTS: The plaintiff deposited a bag in the defendant's cloakroom. He paid two pence and was given a ticket, on the face of which was printed: 'See Back'. On the back of the ticket was a printed notice saying that the company would not be responsible for loss of any item whose value was more than £10. The plaintiff's bag, which was worth more than £10, was lost and he brought an action for damages against the company. The plaintiff had not read the notice on the back of the ticket. The company pleaded the exemption clause. The jury were directed to consider whether the plaintiff had read or was aware of the exemption clause. The jury answered both these in the negative and accordingly judgment was entered for the plaintiff. HELD by the Court of Appeal on appeal by the defendant: The jury had been misdirected. The notice was clear and the ticket was a common form of contractual document. The relevant question for the jury was whether the company had taken reasonable steps to bring it to the plaintiff's attention.

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Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1876-77) LR 2 CPD 416 FACTS: The plaintiff deposited a bag in the defendant's cloakroom. He paid two pence and was given a ticket, on the face of which was printed: 'See Back'. On the back of the ticket was a

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Another interesting case is [case]. The in ticket in this case had, on its face, the words 'see back' and on the reverse side stated that it was issued subject to the standard conditions set out in a railway timetable. The plaintiff, who could not read, was bound by these conditions. Although the decision seems rather harsh, the principle that such a clause can be incorporated by reference is nevertheless a sound one.
Answer
Thompson v London, Midland & Scottish Railway [1930] 1 KB 41

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Another interesting case is Thompson v London, Midland & Scottish Railway [1930] 1 KB 41. The in ticket in this case had, on its face, the words 'see back' and on the reverse side stated that it was issued subject to the standard conditions set out in a railway timetable.

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Question
An exclusion clause can be incorporated by reference
Answer
Thompson v London, Midland & Scottish Railway [1930] 1 KB 41

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on the reverse side stated that it was issued subject to the standard conditions set out in a railway timetable. The plaintiff, who could not read, was bound by these conditions. Although the decision seems rather harsh, the principle that <span>such a clause can be incorporated by reference is nevertheless a sound one.<span><body><html>

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It has been suggested that the decision may have been different if the company had been aware of the plaintiff's inability to read, as it would then have been clear that simply handing over the ticket did not amount to reasonable notice. This appears to have been given judicial support in [case] where the contract was written in German, and an exclusion clause was inserted without the knowledge of the other party. The party relying on the clause knew that the other could not read the language in which the clause was expressed. The Court of Appeal held that the clause in question had not been incorporated.
Answer
Harvey v Ventilatorenfabrik Oelde GmbH (1988) 8 Tr L 138

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een different if the company had been aware of the plaintiff's inability to read, as it would then have been clear that simply handing over the ticket did not amount to reasonable notice. This appears to have been given judicial support in <span>Harvey v Ventilatorenfabrik Oelde GmbH (1988) 8 Tr L 138 where the contract was written in German, and an exclusion clause was inserted without the knowledge of the other party. The party relying on the clause knew that the other could not r

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It has been suggested that the decision may have been different if the company had been aware of the plaintiff's inability to read, as it would then have been clear that simply handing over the ticket did not amount to reasonable notice. This appears to have been given judicial support in Harvey v Ventilatorenfabrik Oelde GmbH (1988) 8 Tr L 138 where the contract was written in German, and an exclusion clause was inserted without the knowledge of the other party. The party relying on the clause knew that the other could not read the language in which the clause was expressed. The Court of Appeal held that [...].
Answer
the clause in question had not been incorporated

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itten in German, and an exclusion clause was inserted without the knowledge of the other party. The party relying on the clause knew that the other could not read the language in which the clause was expressed. The Court of Appeal held that <span>the clause in question had not been incorporated.<span><body><html>

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Question
Where a document does not have clear words on the face of it directing attention to an exemption clause on the reverse, it is unlikely that such a clause will be incorporated
Answer
Henderson v Stevenson (1875) LR 2 Sc & Div 470

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if there are clauses on the document that have been rendered illegible, for example by a date stamp, it is unlikely that they will be deemed incorporated
Answer
Sugar v London, Midland & Scottish Railway [1941] 1 All ER 172

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Question
Where the clause is unusual or unexpected or is particularly onerous, a higher degree of notice will be required to incorporate it.
Answer
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163

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in [case], Lord Denning MR, commenting on a clause that attempted to exclude the defendant's liability for personal injury, stated:

All l say is that it is so wide and so destructive of rights that the court should not rule any man bound by it unless it is drawn to his attention in the most explicit way. It is an instance for what I had in mind in Spurling v Bradshaw [1956] 1 WLR 461 when I stated that in order to give sufficient notice, it would need to be printed in red ink with a red hand pointing to it, or something equally startling.

Answer
Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163

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in Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163, Lord Denning MR, commenting on a clause that attempted to exclude the defendant's liability for personal injury, stated: All l say is that it is so wide and so destructive

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Where a clause has been brought to the notice of the other party during previous dealings, it may be implied into the current transaction to give effect to the presumed intentions of the parties, even though it has on this particular occasion been omitted. In order for this rule to operate, it must be shown that the course of dealing has been consistent over a period of time:
Answer
McCutcheon v David MacBrayne [1964] 1 WLR 125

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Question
In [case], three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.
Answer
Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.

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Question
In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, [...] transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.
Answer
three or four

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of [...] was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.
Answer
five years

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be [...].
Answer
insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing

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In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71, three or four transactions over a period of five years was held to be insufficiently regular to establish a course of dealing.

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[case] where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used three or four times per month over a period of three years.
Answer
Harry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31

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Harry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used three or four

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Harry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used [...] over a period of three years.
Answer
three or four times per month

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ry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used <span>three or four times per month over a period of three years.<span><body><html>

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Question
Harry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used three or four times per month over a period of [...].
Answer
three years

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Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 where the House of Lords held (albeit obiter) that a clause had been incorporated by a course of dealing. The same sale note (containing the relevant term) had been used three or four times per month over a period of <span>three years.<span><body><html>

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Question
Any clause (exemption or otherwise) will not amount to a binding term if it is communicated only after the contract is made
Answer
Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel [1949] 1 KB 532

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Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163
Answer
FACTS: The plaintiff drove his car to a multi-storey automatic car park that he had never used before. The machine issued the plaintiff with a ticket that stated that the ticket was issued 'subject to the conditions of issue as displayed on the premises'. The plaintiff drove into the car park without reading the words on the ticket or those displayed on a pillar opposite the ticket machine. When he returned, he was severely injured while attempting to put his belongings into his car. The defendant company claimed that the ticket was a contractual document and that it incorporated a condition exempting them, inter alia, from liability for injury to the customer occurring when the customer's motor vehicle was in the car park. HELD by the Court of Appeal: The plaintiff was not bound by the exemption clause because reasonable notice of it was not given either before or at the time of contracting.

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Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 QB 163 FACTS: The plaintiff drove his car to a multi-storey automatic car park that he had never used before. The machine issued the plaintiff with a ticket that stated that the ticket was issu

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In [case], Lord Denning MR distinguished between situations where a ticket is purchased in a face-to-face transaction, (for example, at a ticket office), and situations where a ticket is purchased from a machine:

The offer is made when the proprietor of the machine holds it out as being ready to receive the money. The acceptance takes place when the customer puts his money into the slot. The terms of the offer are contained in the notice placed on or near the machine stating what is offered for the money. The customer is bound by those terms as long as they are sufficiently brought to his notice beforehand, but not otherwise. He is not bound by the terms printed on the ticket if they differ from the notice, because the ticket comes too late. The contract has already been made …

Answer
Thornton

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In Thornton, Lord Denning MR distinguished between situations where a ticket is purchased in a face-to-face transaction, (for example, at a ticket office), and situations where a ticket is purchase

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In Thornton, [who] distinguished between situations where a ticket is purchased in a face-to-face transaction, (for example, at a ticket office), and situations where a ticket is purchased from a machine:

The offer is made when the proprietor of the machine holds it out as being ready to receive the money. The acceptance takes place when the customer puts his money into the slot. The terms of the offer are contained in the notice placed on or near the machine stating what is offered for the money. The customer is bound by those terms as long as they are sufficiently brought to his notice beforehand, but not otherwise. He is not bound by the terms printed on the ticket if they differ from the notice, because the ticket comes too late. The contract has already been made …

Answer
Lord Denning MR

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In Thornton, Lord Denning MR distinguished between situations where a ticket is purchased in a face-to-face transaction, (for example, at a ticket office), and situations where a ticket is purchased from a machine:&

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Question
An exemption clause is not incorporated into the contract if the document in which it is contained is not one that could reasonably be expected to have contractual force
Answer
Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council [1940] 1 KB 532

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Question
It should be noted that the courts apply the contra proferentem rule with less rigour where the clause in question merely limits (rather than excludes) liability
Answer
Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co [1983] 1 WLR 964

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Question
Andrews Brothers (Bournemouth) Ltd v Singer & Co [1934] 1 KB 17
Answer
FACTS: The plaintiffs entered into an agreement with the defendants whereby they would be the sole dealer within a specified area for the sale of 'new Singer cars'. By virtue of this agreement, the plaintiffs contracted to purchase a certain number of cars. The written agreement contained a clause stipulating the following: 'all conditions, warranties and liabilities, implied by statute, common law or otherwise are excluded'. The plaintiffs ordered a car from the defendants. At the time of delivery, the car had already travelled some 550 miles and could therefore not be described as new. HELD: The court held that the clause only exempted liability for implied terms, whereas this was breach of an express term.

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Andrews Brothers (Bournemouth) Ltd v Singer & Co [1934] 1 KB 17 FACTS: The plaintiffs entered into an agreement with the defendants whereby they would be the sole dealer within a specified area for the sale of 'new Singer cars'. By virtue of this agr

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Andrews Brothers (Bournemouth) Ltd v Singer & Co [1934] 1 KB 17
FACTS: The plaintiffs entered into an agreement with the defendants whereby they would be the sole dealer within a specified area for the sale of 'new Singer cars'. By virtue of this agreement, the plaintiffs contracted to purchase a certain number of cars. The written agreement contained a clause stipulating the following: 'all conditions, warranties and liabilities, implied by statute, common law or otherwise are excluded'. The plaintiffs ordered a car from the defendants. At the time of delivery, the car had already travelled some 550 miles and could therefore not be described as new. HELD: The court held that [...].
Answer
the clause only exempted liability for implied terms, whereas this was breach of an express term

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by statute, common law or otherwise are excluded'. The plaintiffs ordered a car from the defendants. At the time of delivery, the car had already travelled some 550 miles and could therefore not be described as new. HELD: The court held that <span>the clause only exempted liability for implied terms, whereas this was breach of an express term.<span><body><html>

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Question
Clear words must be used if a party is seeking to exclude liability resulting from its own negligence. The requirement is most obviously resolved where the word 'negligence' itself is used but it may be possible to use more general words, which are wide enough to cover liability for negligence. The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by Lord Morton in the Privy Council case of [case]
Answer
Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192.

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al words, which are wide enough to cover liability for negligence. The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by Lord Morton in the Privy Council case of <span>Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192.<span><body><html>

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Clear words must be used if a party is seeking to exclude liability resulting from its own negligence. The requirement is most obviously resolved where the word 'negligence' itself is used but it may be possible to use more general words, which are wide enough to cover liability for negligence. The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by [who] in the Privy Council case of Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192.
Answer
Lord Morton

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d but it may be possible to use more general words, which are wide enough to cover liability for negligence. The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by <span>Lord Morton in the Privy Council case of Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192.<span><body><html>

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The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by Lord Morton in the Privy Council case of [case]. Lord Morton's guidelines can be summarised as follows:
  1. Does the clause expressly mention 'negligence'? (Or a close synonym: Monarch Airlines v London Luton Airport [1997] CLC 698). If so, the court must give effect to the clause.
  2. Are the words used ‘wide enough’? If there is no express reference to negligence in the clause, however, the court must consider whether the words used are wide enough, in their ordinary meaning, to cover negligence by the party seeking to rely on the clause (the 'proferens').
  3. Are they too wide? If the words used are 'wide enough', the court must then consider whether, in the particular context, liability may be based on some ground other than the negligence of the proferens. However, that other ground must not be so fanciful or remote that the proferens cannot be supposed to have desired protection against it. If, on the facts of the case, the clause could cover a ground other than negligence, then the clause will be ineffective in excluding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability. See for example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WLR 1515 (breach of a statutory duty). Compare these cases with Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] 1 KB 198, where there was no such alternative ground; the wide words in the clause could only conceivably have been intended to cover liability for negligence, and so the court had to give effect to the clause.
Answer
Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192

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The duty of the court, in approaching the construction of clauses purporting to exclude liability for negligence, was summarised by Lord Morton in the Privy Council case of Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192. Lord Morton's guidelines can be summarised as follows: Does the clause expressly mention 'negligence'? (Or a close synonym: Monarch Airlines v London Luton Airport [1997] CLC 698

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Question
Does the clause expressly mention 'negligence'? (Or a close synonym: [case]). If so, the court must give effect to the clause.
Answer
Monarch Airlines v London Luton Airport [1997] CLC 698

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Does the clause expressly mention 'negligence'? (Or a close synonym: Monarch Airlines v London Luton Airport [1997] CLC 698). If so, the court must give effect to the clause.

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Question
If, on the facts of the case, the clause could cover a ground other than negligence, then the clause will be ineffective in excluding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability.
Answer
White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285

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If, on the facts of the case, the clause could cover a ground other than negligence, then the clause will be ineffective in excluding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability. See for example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WL

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Flashcard 1367147416844

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#contract #exemption #law
Question
If, on the facts of the case, the clause could cover a ground other than negligence, then the clause will be ineffective in excluding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability. See for example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and [case] (breach of a statutory duty). Compare these cases with Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] 1 KB 198, where there was no such alternative ground; the wide words in the clause could only conceivably have been intended to cover liability for negligence, and so the court had to give effect to the clause.
Answer
EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WLR 1515

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luding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability. See for example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and <span>EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WLR 1515 (breach of a statutory duty). Compare these cases with Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] 1 KB 198, where there was no such alternative ground; the wide words in the clause could only co

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Flashcard 1367149776140

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#contract #exemption #law
Question
If, on the facts of the case, the clause could cover a ground other than negligence, then the clause will be ineffective in excluding liability for negligence and will only be effective as against that alternative head of liability. See for example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WLR 1515 (breach of a statutory duty). Compare these cases with [case], where there was no such alternative ground; the wide words in the clause could only conceivably have been intended to cover liability for negligence, and so the court had to give effect to the clause.
Answer
Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] 1 KB 198

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or example: White v John Warwick [1953] 1 WLR 1285, where there was an alternative ground (breach of a strict contractual duty) and EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co plc [1994] 1 WLR 1515 (breach of a statutory duty). Compare these cases with <span>Alderslade v Hendon Laundry [1945] 1 KB 198, where there was no such alternative ground; the wide words in the clause could only conceivably have been intended to cover liability for negligence, and so the court had to give effec

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Flashcard 1367157378316

Tags
#contract #exemption #law
Question
In general, UCTA regulates only exemption clauses.
Answer
UCTA 1977 s 13

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Flashcard 1367174941964

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
An easement is [...].
Answer
a right enjoyed and exercised over the land of another (ius in alieno solo)

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An easement is a right enjoyed and exercised over the land of another (ius in alieno solo).

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Flashcard 1367179136268

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#easements #land #law
Question
A positive easement is one which [...]. A classic example is a right of way which allows the holder of the easement to cross the land of another.
Answer
allows the holder of the easement to use the land of another in a particular way

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A positive easement is one which allows the holder of the easement to use the land of another in a particular way. A classic example is a right of way which allows the holder of the easement to cross the land of another.

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Flashcard 1367180709132

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#easements #land #law
Question
A positive easement is one which allows the holder of the easement to use the land of another in a particular way. A classic example is a [...].
Answer
right of way which allows the holder of the easement to cross the land of another

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A positive easement is one which allows the holder of the easement to use the land of another in a particular way. A classic example is a right of way which allows the holder of the easement to cross the land of another.

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Flashcard 1367183330572

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#easements #land #law
Question
A negative easement is one which [...]. A classic example is a right to light. This allows the holder of the easement to restrict another from building on their own land if that will interfere with the access of light to the land owned by the holder of the easement.
Answer
simply entitles the holder of the easement to restrict the way in which another may use their own land

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A negative easement is one which simply entitles the holder of the easement to restrict the way in which another may use their own land. A classic example is a right to light. This allows the holder of the easement to restrict another from building on their own land if that will interfere with the access of light to t

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Flashcard 1367184903436

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
A negative easement is one which simply entitles the holder of the easement to restrict the way in which another may use their own land. A classic example is [...].
Answer
a right to light. This allows the holder of the easement to restrict another from building on their own land if that will interfere with the access of light to the land owned by the holder of the easement

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A negative easement is one which simply entitles the holder of the easement to restrict the way in which another may use their own land. A classic example is a right to light. This allows the holder of the easement to restrict another from building on their own land if that will interfere with the access of light to the land owned by the holder of the easement.

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Flashcard 1367188311308

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
Quasi-easements
Answer
Unformed, nebulous rights exercised by a landowner over their own land, which could exist as a separate easement should the land over which the right is exercised change ownership, are called quasi-easements.

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Quasi-easements Unformed, nebulous rights exercised by a landowner over their own land, which could exist as a separate easement should the land over which the right is exercised change ownership, are c

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Flashcard 1367192505612

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#easements #land #law
Question
Natural rights
Answer
Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right to support of land in its natural state. There is, however, no natural right of support to a building erected on the land. For this there must be a proper easement.

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Natural rights Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right to support of land in its natural state. There is, however, no natural right of support to a building

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Flashcard 1367194864908

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
Natural rights
Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right [...]. There is, however, no natural right of support to a building erected on the land. For this there must be a proper easement.
Answer
to support of land in its natural state

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Natural rights Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right to support of land in its natural state. There is, however, no natural right of support to a building erected on the land. For this there must be a proper easement.

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Flashcard 1367196437772

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
Natural rights
Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right to support of land in its natural state. There is, however, [...]. For this there must be a proper easement.
Answer
no natural right of support to a building erected on the land

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Natural rights Ownership of land carries with it certain natural rights. One of these is the right to support of land in its natural state. There is, however, no natural right of support to a building erected on the land. For this there must be a proper easement.

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Flashcard 1367199845644

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#easements #land #law
Question
Public rights
Answer
Can be similar to easements, but instead of being exercised by an individual person or body, the right, by its nature, is exercised by general members of the public. The best example is a public right of way.

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Public rights can be similar to easements, but instead of being exercised by an individual person or body, the right, by its nature, is exercised by general members of the public. The best example is

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Flashcard 1367202204940

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#easements #land #law
Question
Public rights can be similar to easements, but instead of being exercised by an individual person or body, the right, by its nature, is exercised by general members of the public. The best example is [...].
Answer
a public right of way

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Public rights can be similar to easements, but instead of being exercised by an individual person or body, the right, by its nature, is exercised by general members of the public. The best example is a public right of way.

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Flashcard 1367204826380

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#easements #land #law
Question
A licence can authorise the use of land in the same way as an easement. A licence, however, cannot exist as an interest in the land. It confers a [...], which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by an estoppel binding on a third party with notice. Such a licence may look remarkably like an equitable easement (see Ives Investments Ltd v High [1967] 2 QB 379
Answer
mere personal right

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A licence can authorise the use of land in the same way as an easement. A licence, however, cannot exist as an interest in the land. It confers a mere personal right, which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by an estoppel binding on a third party with notice. Such a licence may look remark

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Flashcard 1367206399244

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#easements #land #law
Question
A licence can authorise the use of land in the same way as an easement. A licence, however, cannot exist as an interest in the land. It confers a mere personal right, which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by [...]. Such a licence may look remarkably like an equitable easement (see Ives Investments Ltd v High [1967] 2 QB 379
Answer
an estoppel binding on a third party with notice

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use of land in the same way as an easement. A licence, however, cannot exist as an interest in the land. It confers a mere personal right, which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by <span>an estoppel binding on a third party with notice. Such a licence may look remarkably like an equitable easement (see Ives Investments Ltd v High [1967] 2 QB 379<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367207972108

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#easements #land #law
Question
A licence can authorise the use of land in the same way as an easement. A licence, however, cannot exist as an interest in the land. It confers a mere personal right, which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by an estoppel binding on a third party with notice. Such a licence may look remarkably like an equitable easement (see [case])
Answer
Ives Investments Ltd v High [1967] 2 QB 379

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mere personal right, which may or may not be accompanied by consideration. Some licences may be accompanied by an estoppel binding on a third party with notice. Such a licence may look remarkably like an equitable easement (see <span>Ives Investments Ltd v High [1967] 2 QB 379<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367212690700

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
For a right to be capable of existing as an easement, it must satisfy certain requirements laid down by Evershed MR in the case of [case]:
  1. There must be a dominant and a servient tenement;
  2. The right must accommodate the dominant tenement;
  3. There must be diversity of ownership of the dominant and servient tenements; and
  4. The right must lie in grant.
Answer
In Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131

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For a right to be capable of existing as an easement, it must satisfy certain requirements laid down by Evershed MR in the case of In Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131: There must be a dominant and a servient tenement; The right must accommodate the dominant tenement; There must be diversity of ownership of the dominant and servient tenements; a

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Flashcard 1367215049996

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
For a right to be capable of existing as an easement, it must satisfy certain requirements laid down by [who] in the case of In Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131:
  1. There must be a dominant and a servient tenement;
  2. The right must accommodate the dominant tenement;
  3. There must be diversity of ownership of the dominant and servient tenements; and
  4. The right must lie in grant.
Answer
Evershed MR

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For a right to be capable of existing as an easement, it must satisfy certain requirements laid down by Evershed MR in the case of In Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131: There must be a dominant and a servient tenement; The right must accommodate the dominant tenement; There must be diversity of

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Flashcard 1367217409292

Tags
#easements #land #law
Question
What are the 4 Re Ellenborough Park criteria?
Answer
  1. There must be a dominant and a servient tenement;
  2. The right must accommodate the dominant tenement;
  3. There must be diversity of ownership of the dominant and servient tenements; and
  4. The right must lie in grant.

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For a right to be capable of existing as an easement, it must satisfy certain requirements laid down by Evershed MR in the case of In Re Ellenborough Park [1956] Ch 131: There must be a dominant and a servient tenement; The right must accommodate the dominant tenement; There must be diversity of ownership of the dominant and servient tenements; and The right must lie in grant.

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Flashcard 1367220817164

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#easements #land #law
Question
A Dominant and Servient Tenement Must Exist. Essentially, this means that there must be two identifiable pieces of land, one which benefits from the exercise of the right (the dominant tenement) and one which is burdened by its exercise (the servient tenement): [case].
Answer
London & Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 1278

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xist Essentially, this means that there must be two identifiable pieces of land, one which benefits from the exercise of the right (the dominant tenement) and one which is burdened by its exercise (the servient tenement): <span>London & Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 1278.<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367225011468

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#easements #land #law
Question
An easement, unlike a profit, cannot exist in gross; it cannot be exercisable by the holder of the interest independently of any land that he may own: [case].
Answer
Hawkins v Rutter [1892] 1 QB 668

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An easement, unlike a profit, cannot exist in gross; it cannot be exercisable by the holder of the interest independently of any land that he may own: Hawkins v Rutter [1892] 1 QB 668.

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Flashcard 1367233137932

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Question
To be seen to accommodate the dominant tenement, it is also necessary to show that the dominant and servient tenements are sufficiently proximate to one another. Without such proximity, it may be difficult to prove that there is some benefit conferred upon the dominant tenement by the right being exercised over the servient tenement. As Byles J said in the case of [case]: ‘you cannot have a right of way over land in Kent appurtenant to an estate in Northumberland’.
Answer
Bailey v Stephens (1862) 12 CB (NS) 91

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ly proximate to one another. Without such proximity, it may be difficult to prove that there is some benefit conferred upon the dominant tenement by the right being exercised over the servient tenement. As Byles J said in the case of <span>Bailey v Stephens (1862) 12 CB (NS) 91: ‘you cannot have a right of way over land in Kent appurtenant to an estate in Northumberland’.<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367235497228

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Question
To be seen to accommodate the dominant tenement, it is also necessary to show that the dominant and servient tenements are sufficiently proximate to one another. Without such proximity, it may be difficult to prove that there is some benefit conferred upon the dominant tenement by the right being exercised over the servient tenement. As [who] said in the case of Bailey v Stephens (1862) 12 CB (NS) 91: ‘you cannot have a right of way over land in Kent appurtenant to an estate in Northumberland’.
Answer
Byles J

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t tenements are sufficiently proximate to one another. Without such proximity, it may be difficult to prove that there is some benefit conferred upon the dominant tenement by the right being exercised over the servient tenement. As <span>Byles J said in the case of Bailey v Stephens (1862) 12 CB (NS) 91: ‘you cannot have a right of way over land in Kent appurtenant to an estate in Northumberland’.<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367240477964

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#easements #land #law
Question
Any rights that a person exercises over one part of his own land for the benefit of another part of their land are the natural incidents of ownership. Such rights are known as quasi-easements; they are capable of becoming easements on division of ownership: [case].
Answer
Roe v Siddons (1888) 22 QBD 224

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cises over one part of his own land for the benefit of another part of their land are the natural incidents of ownership. Such rights are known as quasi-easements; they are capable of becoming easements on division of ownership: <span>Roe v Siddons (1888) 22 QBD 224.<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367248604428

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Question
there can be no easement of prospect ie giving the right to enjoy a scenic view: [case]
Answer
William Aldred’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b

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there can be no easement of prospect ie giving the right to enjoy a scenic view: William Aldred’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b

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Flashcard 1367252798732

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Question
neither can there be an easement to privacy or any easement to a flow of light through undefined channels: [case].
Answer
Harris v De Pinna (1886) 33 Ch D 238

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neither can there be an easement to privacy or any easement to a flow of light through undefined channels: Harris v De Pinna (1886) 33 Ch D 238.

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Flashcard 1367276391692

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Question
Rights of way are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Borman v Griffith [1930] 1 Ch 493

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Rights of way are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Borman v Griffith [1930] 1 Ch 493

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Flashcard 1367278750988

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#easements #land #law
Question
Rights of light are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Colls v Home & Colonial Stores Ltd [1904] AC 179

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Rights of light are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Colls v Home & Colonial Stores Ltd [1904] AC 179;

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Flashcard 1367281110284

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Question
Rights to water in a defined channel are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Race v Ward (1855) 4 El & Bl 702

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Rights to water in a defined channel are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Race v Ward (1855) 4 El & Bl 702;

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Flashcard 1367283469580

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Question
Rights to air in a defined channel are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Wong v Beaumont Property Trust Ltd [1965] 1 QB 173

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Rights to air in a defined channel are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Wong v Beaumont Property Trust Ltd [1965] 1 QB 173;

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Flashcard 1367285828876

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Question
Rights to support are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Dalton v Angus & Co (1881) 6 App Cas 740

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Rights to support are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Dalton v Angus & Co (1881) 6 App Cas 740;

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Flashcard 1367288188172

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Question
Rights of drainage through a defined channel and other rights of ‘pipeline’, for example gas, electricity etc are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Atwood v Bovis Homes Ltd [2001] Ch 379

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Rights of drainage through a defined channel and other rights of ‘pipeline’, for example gas, electricity etc are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Atwood v Bovis Homes Ltd [2001] Ch 379;

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Flashcard 1367290547468

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Question
Rights to pollute a river are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Scott-Whitehead v National Coal Board (1987) 53 P & CR 263

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Rights to pollute a river are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Scott-Whitehead v National Coal Board (1987) 53 P & CR 263;

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Rights to cause a nuisance are capable of being the subject matter of easements
Answer
Sturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852

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Rights to cause a nuisance are capable of being the subject matter of easements – Sturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852

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The list of recognised easements is not a closed one and must be allowed to expand to accommodate social and technological changes: [case]. The law therefore develops gradually by analogy with previous case law as it did, for example (as you will see below) when easements of parking developed incrementally from easements of storage in wake of the increasing importance of the motor car to modern life (and hence land use).
Answer
Dyce v Lady James Hay (1852) 1 Macq 305

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The list of recognised easements is not a closed one and must be allowed to expand to accommodate social and technological changes: Dyce v Lady James Hay (1852) 1 Macq 305. The law therefore develops gradually by analogy with previous case law as it did, for example (as you will see below) when easements of parking developed incrementally from easements

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The courts are reluctant to recognise new negative easements. In [case], a new type of easement, a right to protection from the weather, was claimed by analogy with an easement of support. Lord Denning MR rejected the claim on the basis that recognising new negative easements would unduly restrict the servient owner’s use and desirable development of their own land.
Answer
Phipps v Pears [1965] 1 QB 76

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The courts are reluctant to recognise new negative easements. In Phipps v Pears [1965] 1 QB 76, a new type of easement, a right to protection from the weather, was claimed by analogy with an easement of support. Lord Denning MR rejected the claim on the basis that recog

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In [case], the easement claimed was the right to a TV signal. This was rejected as being a new type of negative easement that would restrict the development of the servient land. The court said that the appropriate way of restricting development on land would be by way of restrictive covenant (which cannot arise by prescription and are most unlikely to arise my implication and thus require the conscious agreement of the parties) or by claiming a recognised type of negative easement: a right of light or air.
Answer
Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655

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In Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655, the easement claimed was the right to a TV signal. This was rejected as being a new type of negative easement that would restrict the development of the servient land. The court said

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Where the exercise of the right requires the servient tenement owner to spend money, the right cannot be an easement. Thus, in [case], it was held that a claim to the supply of hot water was not an easement.
Answer
Regis Property Co Ltd v Redman [1956] 2 QB 612

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Where the exercise of the right requires the servient tenement owner to spend money, the right cannot be an easement. Thus, in Regis Property Co Ltd v Redman [1956] 2 QB 612, it was held that a claim to the supply of hot water was not an easement.

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Where the exercise of the right requires the servient tenement owner to spend money, the right cannot be an easement. Thus, in Regis Property Co Ltd v Redman [1956] 2 QB 612, it was held that a [...].
Answer
claim to the supply of hot water was not an easement

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Where the exercise of the right requires the servient tenement owner to spend money, the right cannot be an easement. Thus, in Regis Property Co Ltd v Redman [1956] 2 QB 612, it was held that a claim to the supply of hot water was not an easement.

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In the case of [case], the right to the passage of water through pipes on the servient land was claimed as an easement. At first instance, the judge rejected this, as the water meter measuring the supply to both the dominant and servient tenements was on the servient land, and the servient owner was solely responsible for the payment of the bills. This positive obligation on the servient owner to pay for the water supply was held to be inconsistent with the concept of an easement. On appeal, the court upheld the easement. It drew a distinction: the right claimed was not a right to a water supply (which would involve compulsory expenditure by the servient owner), but a right to the passage of water through existing pipes. The servient owner was under an obligation not to physically interfere with the flow of water through the pipes but could not be compelled to pay for a supply of water in the first place. As a consequence he would not be liable if the water company withdrew the supply. Given, however, that the servient owner was unlikely to stop paying for water as he needed it for his land and because he was legally obliged to pay for any water that was supplied, the dominant owner was liable in quasi-contract to reimburse him for the water he did receive via the servient owner’s supply.
Answer
Rance v Elvin (1985) 50 P&CR 9

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In the case of Rance v Elvin (1985) 50 P&CR 9, the right to the passage of water through pipes on the servient land was claimed as an easement. At first instance, the judge rejected this, as the water meter measuring the supply to

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In the case of Rance v Elvin (1985) 50 P&CR 9, the right to the passage of water through pipes on the servient land was claimed as an easement. At first instance, the judge rejected this, as the water meter measuring the supply to both the dominant and servient tenements was on the servient land, and the servient owner was solely responsible for the payment of the bills. This positive obligation on the servient owner to pay for the water supply was held to be inconsistent with the concept of an easement. On appeal, the court upheld the easement. It drew a distinction: [...]. The servient owner was under an obligation not to physically interfere with the flow of water through the pipes but could not be compelled to pay for a supply of water in the first place. As a consequence he would not be liable if the water company withdrew the supply. Given, however, that the servient owner was unlikely to stop paying for water as he needed it for his land and because he was legally obliged to pay for any water that was supplied, the dominant owner was liable in quasi-contract to reimburse him for the water he did receive via the servient owner’s supply.
Answer
the right claimed was not a right to a water supply (which would involve compulsory expenditure by the servient owner), but a right to the passage of water through existing pipes

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responsible for the payment of the bills. This positive obligation on the servient owner to pay for the water supply was held to be inconsistent with the concept of an easement. On appeal, the court upheld the easement. It drew a distinction: <span>the right claimed was not a right to a water supply (which would involve compulsory expenditure by the servient owner), but a right to the passage of water through existing pipes. The servient owner was under an obligation not to physically interfere with the flow of water through the pipes but could not be compelled to pay for a supply of water in the first pla

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Where an easement is found to exist, it is worth noting that a servient tenement owner is under no obligation to do any repairs or maintenance to enable the dominant tenement owner to enjoy the easement. However, they are obliged to allow the owner of the dominant tenement to enter the servient tenement to effect the necessary repairs: [case];
Answer
Jones v Pritchard [1908] 1 CH 630

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o obligation to do any repairs or maintenance to enable the dominant tenement owner to enjoy the easement. However, they are obliged to allow the owner of the dominant tenement to enter the servient tenement to effect the necessary repairs: <span>Jones v Pritchard [1908] 1 CH 630;<span><body><html>

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In [case], the right to store articles in a cellar was held not to be an easement. At first instance, Brightman J said that such a right could not constitute an easement if the claim amounted to exclusive user of the servient tenement.
Answer
Grigsby v Melville [1972] 1 WLR 1355

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In Grigsby v Melville [1972] 1 WLR 1355, the right to store articles in a cellar was held not to be an easement. At first instance, Brightman J said that such a right could not constitute an easement if the claim amounted t

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In [case], a right to use a garden was claimed as an easement. The dominant owner claimed that the servient owner had interfered with this by creating a gravel driveway over part of the garden which the dominant owner tended as a flowerbed. The court agreed and awarded damages, but also held that the easement to use the garden did not prevent the servient owner from also being able to use the land. The creation of the driveway by the servient owner would not necessarily interfere with the right to use the whole of the garden for recreation and amenity, and therefore the dominant owner had no right to have the flowerbed restored.
Answer
Jackson v Mulvaney [2003] 1 WLR 360

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In Jackson v Mulvaney [2003] 1 WLR 360, a right to use a garden was claimed as an easement. The dominant owner claimed that the servient owner had interfered with this by creating a gravel driveway over pa

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There is clear authority that the right to park a car in one of several spaces can constitute an easement as long as the parking does not interfere with the servient tenement owner’s reasonable use of their land (see [case]).
Answer
London & Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 1278

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span>There is clear authority that the right to park a car in one of several spaces can constitute an easement as long as the parking does not interfere with the servient tenement owner’s reasonable use of their land (see London & Blenheim Estates Ltd v Ladbroke Retail Parks Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 1278).<span><body><html>

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In [case], a right to park in any one of four spaces was upheld as an easement. The dominant owner did not use the same space every day. As the servient owner could still use three spaces on the servient land, there was no interference with their reasonable use of their land.
Answer
Hair v Gillman (2000) 80 P & CR 108

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In Hair v Gillman (2000) 80 P & CR 108, a right to park in any one of four spaces was upheld as an easement. The dominant owner did not use the same space every day. As the servient owner could still use three spaces on

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However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park six vehicles from 8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: [case].
Answer
Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764

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y>However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park six vehicles from 8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764.<body><html>

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However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park [...] vehicles from 8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764.
Answer
six

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However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park six vehicles from 8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764.

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Question
However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park six vehicles from [time] failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764.
Answer
8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday

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However, problems arise where the parking is always in the same area. The right to park six vehicles from 8.30am to 6pm Monday to Friday failed as an easement, for it amounted to virtually the whole beneficial use of the land: Batchelor v Marlow [2003] 1 WLR 764.

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On this basis, it can perhaps be argued that Batchelor was incorrectly decided. However, in [case], a High Court judge said that he was still bound by Batchelor, as it had not been overruled by Moncrieff.
Answer
Virdi v Chana [2008] EWHC 2901

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On this basis, it can perhaps be argued that Batchelor was incorrectly decided. However, in Virdi v Chana [2008] EWHC 2901, a High Court judge said that he was still bound by Batchelor, as it had not been overruled by Moncrieff.

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On this basis, it can perhaps be argued that Batchelor was incorrectly decided. However, in Virdi v Chana [2008] EWHC 2901, a High Court judge said that [...].
Answer
he was still bound by Batchelor, as it had not been overruled by Moncrieff

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On this basis, it can perhaps be argued that Batchelor was incorrectly decided. However, in Virdi v Chana [2008] EWHC 2901, a High Court judge said that he was still bound by Batchelor, as it had not been overruled by Moncrieff.

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Furthermore, in [case], the High Court once again confirmed that Batchelor v Marlow had not been overruled and remained binding upon it. The claimant’s right to use designated parking spaces was deemed to be by virtue of an easement rather than being part of the demise under their lease. HHJ David Cooke held that the freeholder had not been deprived of reasonable use of the spaces since he could still do anything on them, except to the extent that it would be inconsistent with an express right to park a car. So, for example, he could still pass freely over the spaces on foot or by vehicle, if there was no vehicle parked on them for the time being or by avoiding one that was. He could authorise others to do the same. He could likewise choose to repair or change the surface. He could lay pipes under the space or, in principle, build above it.
Answer
Kettel & Ors v Bloomfold Ltd [2012] EWHC 1422

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Furthermore, in Kettel & Ors v Bloomfold Ltd [2012] EWHC 1422, the High Court once again confirmed that Batchelor v Marlow had not been overruled and remained binding upon it. The claimant’s right to use designated parking spaces was deemed to b

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In [case], which concerned a claim of a ‘right’ to park a van, the right failed as an easement. The claimant had always moved the van when asked to do so by the servient tenement owner. He was, therefore, only exercising this ‘right’ so far as the servient tenement owner permitted.
Answer
Green v Ashco Horticultural Ltd [1966] 1 WLR 889

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In Green v Ashco Horticultural Ltd [1966] 1 WLR 889, which concerned a claim of a ‘right’ to park a van, the right failed as an easement. The claimant had always moved the van when asked to do so by the servient tenement owner. He was,

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Question
Express Acquisition: This can occur by way of either an [...] or an express reservation.
Answer
express grant

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Express Acquisition: This can occur by way of either an express grant or an express reservation.

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Express Acquisition: This can occur by way of either an express grant or an [...].
Answer
express reservation

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Express Acquisition: This can occur by way of either an express grant or an express reservation.

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An easement will be implied out of necessity where it can be shown that its existence is essential in order that any use of the dominant tenement can be made. It is not enough that the right in question merely adds to the enjoyment of the dominant tenement. In practical terms, the only example is a right of way to a piece of land that would otherwise be landlocked. No easement of necessity will be inferred if there is some other means of access to that land, even if difficult and inconvenient, for example by water as in [case].
Answer
Manjang v Drammeh (1990) 61 P & CR 194

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y example is a right of way to a piece of land that would otherwise be landlocked. No easement of necessity will be inferred if there is some other means of access to that land, even if difficult and inconvenient, for example by water as in <span>Manjang v Drammeh (1990) 61 P & CR 194. <span><body><html>

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Interestingly, in the case of [case], the Court of Appeal declared that it may be possible for a right of way exercised over the servient land to be implied out of necessity, even in circumstances where the landlocked dominant tenement was partly surrounded by land owned by a third party who may, in theory, provide an alternative means of access.
Answer
Adealon International Proprietary Ltd v Merton Borough Council [2007] 1 WLR 1604

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Interestingly, in the case of Adealon International Proprietary Ltd v Merton Borough Council [2007] 1 WLR 1604, the Court of Appeal declared that it may be possible for a right of way exercised over the servient land to be implied out of necessity, even in circumstances where the landlocked do

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What is certain is that an easement will not be implied out of necessity merely because it can be seen as highly advantageous to the dominant tenement, such as easements of drainage, sewerage and the supply of electricity ([case]). Notwithstanding their desirability, it cannot be alleged that without these easements the dominant tenement cannot be used at all.
Answer
Pryce v McGuinness [1966] QB 591

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What is certain is that an easement will not be implied out of necessity merely because it can be seen as highly advantageous to the dominant tenement, such as easements of drainage, sewerage and the supply of electricity (Pryce v McGuinness [1966] QB 591). Notwithstanding their desirability, it cannot be alleged that without these easements the dominant tenement cannot be used at all.<html>

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It is important to note that a general intention as to how the property should be used is not enough; the parties must intend for the property to be used in some definite and particular manner: [case].
Answer
Pwllbach Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman [1915] AC 634

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It is important to note that a general intention as to how the property should be used is not enough; the parties must intend for the property to be used in some definite and particular manner: Pwllbach Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman [1915] AC 634.

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Where a person wishes to rely upon an easement having been impliedly reserved by common intention, there will be a heavy burden of proof resting upon them to show that the specific easement was mutually intended. It may not be enough, for example, to show that the right in question had been openly exercised prior to the transaction into which it is claimed it has been impliedly acquired: see [case].
Answer
Re Webb’s Lease [1951] Ch 808

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w that the specific easement was mutually intended. It may not be enough, for example, to show that the right in question had been openly exercised prior to the transaction into which it is claimed it has been impliedly acquired: see <span>Re Webb’s Lease [1951] Ch 808.<span><body><html>

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A common intention to reserve an easement will only be found if the facts are ‘not reasonably consistent with any explanation other than that of an implied reservation’: [case].
Answer
Peckham v Ellison (2000) 79 P & CR 276

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A common intention to reserve an easement will only be found if the facts are ‘not reasonably consistent with any explanation other than that of an implied reservation’: Peckham v Ellison (2000) 79 P & CR 276.

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For an interesting recent case regarding an implied easement to provide services (e.g. electricity and sewage, etc) where the common intention of the parties was that the land was purchased as a building plot (having been sold with outline planning permission for a single dwelling) see [case].
Answer
Donovan and another v Rana and another [2014] EWCA Civ 99

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to provide services (e.g. electricity and sewage, etc) where the common intention of the parties was that the land was purchased as a building plot (having been sold with outline planning permission for a single dwelling) see <span>Donovan and another v Rana and another [2014] EWCA Civ 99.<span><body><html>

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The courts take an extremely strict stance on this issue, as recently confirmed in [case], where the Court of Appeal refused to extend a reservation relating to the renewal of existing gas pipes crossing the demised premises, to additionally include the laying of new pipes, on the basis that the grantor had two chances to include such a reservation in either the original lease or in a subsequent deed of variation.
Answer
Yeung v Potel [2014] EWCA Civ 481

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The courts take an extremely strict stance on this issue, as recently confirmed in Yeung v Potel [2014] EWCA Civ 481, where the Court of Appeal refused to extend a reservation relating to the renewal of existing gas pipes crossing the demised premises, to additionally include the laying of new pipe

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Flashcard 1367411920140

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Question
The rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can only operate on a sale or lease of part when, immediately prior to the sale / lease, there was a common owner and occupier of the whole (see [case], discussed further below).
Answer
Kent v Kavanagh [2007] Ch 1

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The rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can only operate on a sale or lease of part when, immediately prior to the sale / lease, there was a common owner and occupier of the whole (see Kent v Kavanagh [2007] Ch 1, discussed further below).

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Flashcard 1367415328012

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Question
Note that the rule can also operate in circumstances where the owner of a large plot of land decides to split the land in two and sell both plots contemporaneously. The new owners of each plot will acquire as easements any quasi-easements which had, prior to the sale, been exercised for the benefit of the land they have now purchased (see [case]).
Answer
Swansborough v Coventry (1832) 9 Bing 305 131 ER 629

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split the land in two and sell both plots contemporaneously. The new owners of each plot will acquire as easements any quasi-easements which had, prior to the sale, been exercised for the benefit of the land they have now purchased (see <span>Swansborough v Coventry (1832) 9 Bing 305 131 ER 629).<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367422668044

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Question
To be deemed continuous, the right in question need not have been subject to incessant use, but there must be a sense of permanence which can come from showing regular use. To be apparent, the right must have been discoverable or detectable from careful inspection of the land by a person ordinarily conversant with the subject: [case]. For example, a worn pathway would provide evidence of a right of way. The rule has been described as one of common sense, honesty and decency (Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1979] AC 144).
Answer
Pyer v Carter (1857) 1 H&N 916

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se, but there must be a sense of permanence which can come from showing regular use. To be apparent, the right must have been discoverable or detectable from careful inspection of the land by a person ordinarily conversant with the subject: <span>Pyer v Carter (1857) 1 H&N 916. For example, a worn pathway would provide evidence of a right of way. The rule has been described as one of common sense, honesty and decency (Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of

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Flashcard 1367425027340

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Question
To be deemed continuous, the right in question need not have been subject to incessant use, but there must be a sense of permanence which can come from showing regular use. To be apparent, the right must have been discoverable or detectable from careful inspection of the land by a person ordinarily conversant with the subject: Pyer v Carter (1857) 1 H&N 916. For example, a worn pathway would provide evidence of a right of way. The rule has been described as one of common sense, honesty and decency ([case]).
Answer
Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1979] AC 144

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the land by a person ordinarily conversant with the subject: Pyer v Carter (1857) 1 H&N 916. For example, a worn pathway would provide evidence of a right of way. The rule has been described as one of common sense, honesty and decency (<span>Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1979] AC 144). <span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367428959500

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This does not mean that a right being claimed as an easement under this method must have been in use at the exact time that the sale / lease of what is to become the dominant tenement took place. Rather, it must be shown that it had been exercised in the recent past and was expected to be exercised again in the near future. In the case of [case], the Court of Appeal made it clear that it must have been in use by the common owner, i.e. the person now selling / leasing the land to another. It would not be sufficient if the right had previously been used by a tenant of theirs, for example.
Answer
Kent v Kavanagh

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time that the sale / lease of what is to become the dominant tenement took place. Rather, it must be shown that it had been exercised in the recent past and was expected to be exercised again in the near future. In the case of <span>Kent v Kavanagh, the Court of Appeal made it clear that it must have been in use by the common owner, i.e. the person now selling / leasing the land to another. It would not be sufficient if the righ

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Flashcard 1367432891660

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Question
It is important to note that implied acquisition under the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can operate not only upon the actual sale of a freehold / grant of a lease but also upon an agreement to do either, i.e. a contract: see [case].
Answer
Borman v Griffith

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It is important to note that implied acquisition under the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can operate not only upon the actual sale of a freehold / grant of a lease but also upon an agreement to do either, i.e. a contract: see Borman v Griffith.<html>

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Flashcard 1367438396684

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Question
Since the operation of the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can be quite wide and lead to easements being created without the parties involved having given due regard to them, in practice the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows is commonly expressly excluded (LPA 1925, s [...]).
Answer
62(4)

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on of the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can be quite wide and lead to easements being created without the parties involved having given due regard to them, in practice the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows is commonly expressly excluded (LPA 1925, s <span>62(4)).<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367439969548

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Question
Since the operation of the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can be quite wide and lead to easements being created without the parties involved having given due regard to them, in practice the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows is commonly expressly excluded ([statute]).
Answer
LPA 1925, s 62(4)

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e the operation of the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows can be quite wide and lead to easements being created without the parties involved having given due regard to them, in practice the rule in Wheeldon v Burrows is commonly expressly excluded (<span>LPA 1925, s 62(4)).<span><body><html>

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Flashcard 1367448096012

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Question
As with the operation of the rule under Wheeldon v Burrows, it is possible to exclude this method of acquisition expressly in the conveyance: LPA 1925, s [...].
Answer
62(4)

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As with the operation of the rule under Wheeldon v Burrows, it is possible to exclude this method of acquisition expressly in the conveyance: LPA 1925, s 62(4).

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Flashcard 1367449668876

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Question
As with the operation of the rule under Wheeldon v Burrows, it is possible to exclude this method of acquisition expressly in the conveyance: [statute].
Answer
LPA 1925, s 62(4)

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As with the operation of the rule under Wheeldon v Burrows, it is possible to exclude this method of acquisition expressly in the conveyance: LPA 1925, s 62(4).

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Flashcard 1367455173900

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Question
The comments made on s 62 in that case are obiter dicta, but the requirement for prior diversity was confirmed in the Court of Appeal decision of