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Flashcard 1409850150156

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#rhetoric

Question

productive arguments use [...], the language of choices and decisions.

Answer

the future tense

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productive arguments use the future tense, the language of choices and decisions.

Flashcard 1409861422348

Tags

#rhetoric

Question

“[...]”; is one of the building blocks of persuasion.

Answer

commonplace

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“commonplace”; is one of the building blocks of persuasion.

Flashcard 1425595567372

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, such as [...]

Answer

national output and national income.

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Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, such as national output and national income.

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1. INTRODUCTION
In a general sense, economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption and can be divided into two broad areas of study: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, such as national output and national income. Macroeconomics has its roots in microeconomics , which deals with markets and decision making of individual economic units, including consumers and businesses. Microeconomics is a logi

Flashcard 1425605266700

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

prices simultaneously reflect both the value to the buyer of the next (or marginal) unit and the [...] of that unit.

Answer

cost to the seller

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prices simultaneously reflect both the value to the buyer of the next (or marginal) unit and the cost to the seller of that unit.

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1. INTRODUCTION
; This reading focuses on a fundamental subject in microeconomics: demand and supply analysis. Demand and supply analysis is the study of how buyers and sellers interact to determine transaction prices and quantities. As we will see, prices simultaneously reflect both the value to the buyer of the next (or marginal) unit and the cost to the seller of that unit. In private enterprise market economies, which are the chief concern of investment analysts, demand and supply analysis encompasses the most basic set of microeconomic tools.

Flashcard 1425607101708

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

The [...] deals with the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms.

Answer

theory of the firm

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The theory of the firm deals with the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms.

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1. INTRODUCTION
y. The theory of the consumer deals with consumption (the demand for goods and services) by utility-maximizing individuals (i.e., individuals who make decisions that maximize the satisfaction received from present and future consumption). The theory of the firm deals with the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms. The theory of the consumer and the theory of the firm are important because they help us understand the foundations of demand and supply. Subsequent readings will focus on the theory of

Flashcard 1425608674572

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

The theory of the firm deals with the [...] by profit-maximizing firms.

Answer

supply of goods and services

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The theory of the firm deals with the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms.

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Flashcard 1425618111756

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

[...] are markets for the purchase and sale of factors of production.

Answer

Factor markets

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Factor markets are markets for the purchase and sale of factors of production. In capitalist private enterprise economies, households own the factors of production (the land, labor, physical capital,

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2. TYPES OF MARKETS
n markets. Investment analysts need at least a basic understanding of those markets and the demand and supply model that provides a framework for analyzing them. Markets are broadly classified as factor markets or goods markets. Factor markets are markets for the purchase and sale of factors of production. In capitalist private enterprise economies, households own the factors of production (the land, labor, physical capital, and materials used in production). Goods markets are markets for the output of production. From an economics perspective, firms, which ultimately are owned by individuals either singly or in some corporate form, are or

Flashcard 1425627024652

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

In capitalist private enterprise economies, factors of production are owned by...

Answer

households

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In capitalist private enterprise economies, households own the factors of production (the land, labor, physical capital, and materials used in production).

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Flashcard 1425677618444

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

[...] are markets for the output of production.

Answer

Goods markets

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Goods markets are markets for the output of production.

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2. TYPES OF MARKETS
ets. Factor markets are markets for the purchase and sale of factors of production. In capitalist private enterprise economies, households own the factors of production (the land, labor, physical capital, and materials used in production). Goods markets are markets for the output of production. From an economics perspective, firms, which ultimately are owned by individuals either singly or in some corporate form, are organizations that buy the services of those factors. Firms then transform those services into intermediate or final goods and services. ( Intermediate goods and services are those purchased for use as inputs to produce other goods and services, whereas final goods and services are in the final form purchased by househ

Flashcard 1427372903692

Tags

#9-dic-2016 #bloomberg #noticias

Question

Yesterday, European Central Bank President [...] revealed that he'll extend monetary stimulus for an extra nine months

Answer

Mario Draghi

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Yesterday, European Central Bank President Mario Draghi revealed that he'll extend monetary stimulus for an extra nine months

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5 things you need to know to start your day
ins in anticipation of this weekend's OPEC meeting, and South Korea's president is impeached. Here are some of the things people in markets are talking about today. Dust settles on the ECB Just don't call it a taper. Yesterday, European Central Bank President Mario Draghi revealed that he'll extend monetary stimulus for an extra nine months, at a reduced pace of 60 billion euros per month — a package of asset-purchases that will essentially be lower, for longer. While these mixed messages sparked a volatile trading day, eq

Flashcard 1428263144716

Tags

#algebra-baldor

Question

En Algebra se verifican con las cantidades las mismas operaciones que en Aritmética: [...]

Answer

Suma, Resta, Multiplicación, División, Elevación a Potencias y Extracción de Raíces

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En Algebra se verifican con las cantidades las mismas operaciones que en Aritmética: Suma, Resta, Multiplicación, División, Elevación a Poten cias y Extracción de Raíces, que se indican con los signos siguientes: El Signo de la Suma es +, que se lee más. Así a + b se lee “a más b”.

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Flashcard 1428272581900

Tags

#algebra-baldor

Question

De dos cantidades positivas, es mayor la de mayor [...]

Answer

valor absoluto

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De dos cantidades positivas, es mayor la de mayor valor absoluto; así, + 5 es mayor que -1-3, mientras que de dos cantidades negativas es mayor la de menor valor absoluto: —3 es mayor que —5; —9 es menor que —4</sp

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Flashcard 1430455717132

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

economics is the study of [...] , distribution, and consumption

Answer

production

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economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption

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Flashcard 1432299638028

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#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Rule no 1

Answer

Do Not Learn If You Dont Understand

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Flashcard 1432972299532

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: [...] and [...]

Answer

consumers (or households)

firms.

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microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: consumers (or households) and firms.

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1. INTRODUCTION
and the cost to the seller of that unit. In private enterprise market economies, which are the chief concern of investment analysts, demand and supply analysis encompasses the most basic set of microeconomic tools. Traditionally, microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: consumers (or households) and firms. These two groups give rise, respectively, to the theory of the consumer and theory of the firm as two branches of study. The theory of the consumer deals with consumption (the deman

Flashcard 1432987241740

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

A major purpose of [...] and markets is to enable the transfer of savings into capital investments.

Answer

financial institutions

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A major purpose of financial institutions and markets is to enable the transfer of savings into capital investments.

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2. TYPES OF MARKETS
receiving dividends and capital gains). Households make these savings choices when their anticipated future returns are judged to be more valuable today than the present consumption that households must sacrifice when they save. Indeed, a major purpose of financial institutions and markets is to enable the transfer of these savings into capital investments. Firms use capital markets (markets for long-term financial capital—that is, markets for long-term claims on firms’ assets and cash flows) to sell debt (in bond markets) or equity (in

Flashcard 1432990387468

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Rule 7 of formulating knowledge

[...] make remembering easier.

Answer

Mnemonic techniques

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Rule 7 of formulating knowledge Mnemonic techniques are various techniques that make remembering easier.

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7. Use mnemonic techniques
Mnemonic techniques are various techniques that make remembering easier. They are often amazingly effective. For most students, a picture of a 10-year-old memorizing a sequence of 50 playing cards verges on discovering a young genius. It is very surprising t

Flashcard 1434994216204

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Before you proceed with memorizing individual facts and rules, you need to [...] .

Answer

build an overall picture of the learned knowledge

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2. Learn before you memorize
Before you proceed with memorizing individual facts and rules, you need to build an overall picture of the learned knowledge . Only when individual pieces fit to build a single coherent structure, will you be able to dramatically reduce the learning time. This is closely related to the problem comprehension mentioned in Rule 1: Do not learn if you do not understand. A single sep

Flashcard 1434996575500

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#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

rule no 2 [...] before you [...]

Answer

Learn

memorize

Only when individual pieces fit to build a single coherent structure you can memorize

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Flashcard 1435001294092

Question

Rule no 4 [...] principle

Answer

Minimum information

Simple is easy baby!

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4. minimum information principle
The material you learn must be formulated in as simple way as it is Simple is easy By definition, simple material is easy to remember. This comes from the fact that its simplicity makes is easy for the brain to process it always in the same way. Imagine a labyr

Flashcard 1435071810828

Tags

#cfa-level #economics #microeconomics #reading-13-demand-and-supply-analysis-introduction #study-session-4

Question

economics is the study of [...] , [...] , and [...]

Answer

production

distribution

consumption

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economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption

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Flashcard 1435083869452

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#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Rule no 5 [...] is a sentence with its parts missing and replaced by three dots.

Answer

Cloze deletion

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5.Cloze deletion is easy and effective
Cloze deletion is a sentence with its parts missing and replaced by three dots. Cloze deletion exercise is an exercise that uses cloze deletion to ask the student to fill in the gaps marked with the three dots. For example, Bill ...[name] was the second US presiden

Flashcard 1435088588044

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-2-focus-is-the-starting-point-of-learning

Question

The [...] is the part of the brain that takes in information and moves it to our memory. When it's damaged, people lose access to past memories and no longer can make new ones.

Answer

hippocampus

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Tip #2: Focus is the starting point of learning The hippocampus is the part of the brain that takes in information and moves it to our memory. When it's damaged, people lose access to past memories and no longer can make new ones. The h

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Unknown title
r learning products. The brain structures that are involved in learning include the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the basal ganglia. To design the best learning experiences, we need to understand and respect the neuroscience of learning. Tip #2: Focus is the starting point of learning The hippocampus is the part of the brain that takes in information and moves it to our memory. When it's damaged, people lose access to past memories and no longer can make new ones. The hippocampus acts like a recorder or data drive; like those devices, it has an "on" button. Physiologically, it's when our eyes and ears attune to something that causes the hippocampus to begin recording. Richard Davidson, from the University of Wisconsin, calls this "phase locking" and it's the starting point of all learning. As a result, we must design our learning environments to help people focus and we must bust the myth that you can multitask while learning. Research has proved that when we divide our attention, our focus switches back and forth between the two activities, also known as switch tasking. The hippocampus loses vital pieces of information for both of the things we were trying to attend to. I call this "Swiss tasking" because we end up with holes in the data the hippocampus was capturing and, therefore, holes in our learning that cannot be recovered. Here is the big shocker about the hippocampus: It can only hold so much information before it must be processed and pushed into short-term memory. Studies show that the maximum amount is about 20 minutes of information. Lecture-style sessions never have demonstrated good results for retention, and now we know why—it works against the brain's natural functioning. The good news is that many other learning activities can help. All the hippocampus needs is a few minutes of processing to push that data into short-term memory and it's ready again for more. I now build all my learning events in chunks of 15 min

Flashcard 1435105365260

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-4-aim-for-three-retrievals

Question

One of the biggest insights from brain science has to do with how our memories are made. For conceptual learning, the evidence is clear that it's through [...]—that makes learning memorable for the long run.

Answer

the act of retrieval—having to recall something we have learned

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One of the biggest insights from brain science has to do with how our memories are made. For conceptual learning, the evidence is clear that it's through the act of retrieval—having to recall something we have learned—that makes learning memorable for the long run.

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Unknown title
ult. This activates not only those specific memories, but also their individual schemas of change. When I pair this with hands-on activities for leading change effectively, the result is powerful and lasting. Advertisement Tip #4: Aim for three retrievals One of the biggest insights from brain science has to do with how our memories are made. For conceptual learning, the evidence is clear that it's through the act of retrieval—having to recall something we have learned—that makes learning memorable for the long run. For example, I could teach you about neuroscience today (reading is certainly one of the ways we learn). I can activate your schemas and you might even have an "aha moment." But if you don't have to retrieve that learning again, it eventually will get dumped from your brain. Retrieval can occur through a variety of methods such as sharing what you learned with someone else, reflecting on how it relates to a past experience, doing an activity with hands-on application, quizzing yourself on your understanding, and a host of other learning activities. As instructional designers, we can easily build retrievals into our learning events and empower our learners to do that for themselves. This is what distinguishes great presenters from excellent instructors. Great presenters can create a feel-good experience that activates our schemas and that we thoroughly enjoy. And we will give those presenters or programs high ratings for satisfaction and raving reviews. But if no retrieval occurs, that learning will disappear in the following weeks and months. Sure, people will still say that they loved it, but they won't be able to remember much of what they learned, nor will their behavior change as a result. Research has shown that it is most effective to get to at least three retrievals. Memory studies have shown that three retrievals yield the best accuracy and retention. Although you can go on to more, the benefit seems to be better at three, so I focus on that number of retrievals in my own learning design. You can certainly build three retrievals into one learning event, but retention will be even more powerful if you add sleep to the mix. Tip #5: Build in sleep between learning It turns out that the sleeping brain plays a large role in how long-term memories are formed. While we sleep, the brain pushes information th

Flashcard 1435113229580

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-4-aim-for-retrievals

Question

Research has shown that it is most effective to get to at least [...].

Answer

three retrievals

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Research has shown that it is most effective to get to at least three retrievals.

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Flashcard 1435115851020

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-4-aim-for-three-retrievals

Question

You can certainly build many retrievals into one learning event, but retention will be even more powerful if you add [...]

Answer

sleep to the mix.

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You can certainly build three retrievals into one learning event, but retention will be even more powerful if you add sleep to the mix.

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Flashcard 1436171767052

Tags

#costs #finance #investopedia

Question

An explicit cost is an expense that has [...] and has a clearly defined [...] .

Answer

occurred

dollar amount

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BREAKING DOWN 'Explicit Cost' An explicit cost is an expense that has occurred and has a clearly defined dollar amount. These expenses are incurred during business operations and are actual out-of-pocket cash outlays. The objective dollar amounts are subject to re

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Explicit Cost Definition | Investopedia
value. Good examples of explicit costs would be items such as wage expense, rent or lease costs as it is easy to see the source of the cash outflow and the business activities to which the expense is attributed. BREAKING DOWN 'Explicit Cost' An explicit cost is an expense that has occurred and has a clearly defined dollar amount. These expenses are incurred during business operations and are actual out-of-pocket cash outlays. The objective dollar amounts are subject to reporting. Examples of Explicit Costs Net income of a business reflects residual income remaining after all explicit costs have been paid. Explicit costs are the only costs necessary to calculate

Flashcard 1438214130956

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Offset definition

Answer

something that counterbalances, counteracts, or compensates for something else; compensating equivalent.

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Flashcard 1438428040460

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#vocabulary

Question

Shortcoming

Answer

a bad feature : a flaw or defect in something

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Flashcard 1438542597388

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Threshold

Answer

The point that must be exceeded to begin producing a given effect or result or to elicit a response: alow threshold of pain.

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Flashcard 1438546005260

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#vocabulary

Question

Threshold en español

Answer

Umbral

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Flashcard 1438619143436

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Sound

Capital projects can be so large that sound capital budgeting decisions decide the future of many corporations.

Answer

showing good judgment; able to be trusted:

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Flashcard 1438624386316

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#vocabulary

Question

Vantage

Answer

superiority in a contest

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Flashcard 1439095983372

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

ubiquitous

Answer

adjective

1.existing or being everywhere, especially at thesame time; omnipresent:

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Flashcard 1439151295756

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Hurdle

Answer

A light portable barrier over which competitors must leap in certain races.

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Flashcard 1439153130764

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Hurdle español

Answer

obstaculo

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Flashcard 1439245667596

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Disburse

Answer

to pay out (money), especially for expenses; expend.

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Flashcard 1439394041100

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#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

You will always face far more knowledge that you will be able to master. That is why [...] is critical for building quality knowledge in the long-term.

Answer

prioritizing

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You will always face far more knowledge that you will be able to master. That is why prioritizing is critical for building quality knowledge in the long-term. The way you prioritize will affect the way your knowledge slots in. This will also affect the speed of learning (e.g. see: l

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20. Prioritize
You will always face far more knowledge that you will be able to master. That is why prioritizing is critical for building quality knowledge in the long-term. The way you prioritize will affect the way your knowledge slots in. This will also affect the speed of learning (e.g. see: learn basics first). There are many stages at which prioritizing will take place; only few are relevant to knowledge representation, but all are important: Prioritizing sources - there will al

Flashcard 1439408196876

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#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-2-focus-is-the-starting-point-of-learning

Question

All the hippocampus needs is [...] to push that data into short-term memory and it's ready again for more.

Answer

a few minutes of processing

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All the hippocampus needs is a few minutes of processing to push that data into short-term memory and it's ready again for more. I now build all my learning events in chunks of 15 minutes of information followed by a processing activity, such

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Flashcard 1439412129036

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#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-2-focus-is-the-starting-point-of-learning

Question

I now build all my learning events in [...] of information followed by a processing activity, such as a dyad discussion, a period of reflection, an experiential activity, or even a break.

Answer

chunks of 15 minutes

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Flashcard 1439783587084

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Retaliate

Answer

to return like for like, especially evil for evil

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Flashcard 1441776667916

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

Schemas are [...] and they get bigger and stronger as we add to them.

Answer

neural networks

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Schemas are neural networks and they get bigger and stronger as we add to them. Because I traveled in Venezuela, my schema for bananas includes the smaller, sweeter cambur, along with fond memories of baking with

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Unknown title
ehavior change. Learning is not the only activity that benefits from focus. Daniel Goleman's latest book, Focus: The Hidden Ingredient in Excellence, details the positive impact focusing has on leadership, decision making, and creativity. Tip #3: Connections are the key to memory As soon as the hippocampus captures learning, it first moves that learning into short-term memory and then eventually to long-term memory. Again, our knowledge of the brain can help us tap into the body's natural process for doing this. Studies have shown that learning is the most likely to be retained and remembered when it can be connected to something we already know. Knowledge is stored in the brain as schemas, which are built up over time through experience. For example, think of bananas and you will recall instantly their color, shape, taste, smell, and whether you like them. Schemas are neural networks and they get bigger and stronger as we add to them. Because I traveled in Venezuela, my schema for bananas includes the smaller, sweeter cambur, along with fond memories of baking with family. Talent development professionals can take advantage of this natural process by attaching new learning to schemas that already exist in the learner's brain. The best teachers instinctively do this. Whether they are teaching calculus, software, or leadership, they explain the abstract in concrete ways that connect to learners' existing schemas. Having been a dean at a major research university, I noticed that this was what distinguished the best math and science instructors from the rest. They were gifted at connecting to schemas that existed in the minds of young adults in a way that made the complex not only accessible, but even easy. So how do you activate your learners' schemas? First, you must step into the perspective of your learners. Knowing your audience will help you know what is there to play with. Many of us have faced this with multigenerational groups when an example that works for Boomers generated blank stares with Millennials. Any learning design or facilitation should start with asking yourself, "Who is in the room and how can I make meaningful connections to something they already know?" Another shift I have made is to share a few different models or examples instead of just one. This broad approach allows me to activate the schemas of more people in the room because I know that at least one is likely to hit the target. And this approach creates the added benefit of connecting the dots between those models. For example, when I teach change management, I share a model of organizational development, research on how humans respond psychologically to change (known as the change curve), and Brené Brown's work on vulnerability. Together, these models provide the why and how change is both inevitable and difficult. It also shows the complex intersections that are at play, which provides insight about how to navigate them successfully. I ask my learners to remember two times they experienced change, one that went smoothly and one that was difficult. This activates not only those specific memories, but also their individual schemas of change. When I pair this with hands-on activities for leading change effectively, the result is powerful and lasting. Advertisement Tip #4: Aim for three retrievals One of the biggest insights from brain science has to do with how our memories are made. For conceptual learning, th

Flashcard 1441819659532

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

[...] does not have to contradict the minimum information principle and may even be welcome.

Answer

Redundancy

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Redundancy does not have to contradict the minimum information principle and may even be welcome.

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17. Redundancy does not contradict minimum information principle
Redundancy in simple terms is more information than needed or duplicate information, etc. Redundancy does not have to contradict the minimum information principle and may even be welcome. The problem of redundancy is too wide for this short text. Here are some examples that are only to illustrate that minimum information principle cannot be understood as minimum number o

Flashcard 1442141572364

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain #tip-2-focus-is-the-starting-point-of-learning

Question

when our [...] to something that causes the hippocampus to begin recording.

Answer

eyes and ears attune

Richard Davidson, from the University of Wisconsin, calls this "phase locking" and it's the starting point of all learning.

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when our eyes and ears attune to something that causes the hippocampus to begin recording. Richard Davidson, from the University of Wisconsin, calls this "phase locking" and it's the starting point of all

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Flashcard 1442496515340

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

minimum information principle cannot be understood as [...] in your collections or even items

Answer

minimum number of characters or bits

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minimum information principle cannot be understood as minimum number of characters or bits in your collections or even items

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17. Redundancy does not contradict minimum information principle
r duplicate information, etc. Redundancy does not have to contradict the minimum information principle and may even be welcome. The problem of redundancy is too wide for this short text. Here are some examples that are only to illustrate that minimum information principle cannot be understood as minimum number of characters or bits in your collections or even items: passive and active approach : if you learn a foreign language, e.g. Esperanto, you will often build word pairs such as phone-telefono, language-lingvo, hope-esperanto, etc

Flashcard 1442498088204

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Memorizing [...] is recommended in cases where a given memory is of high value.

Answer

different representations of the same fact or rule

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multiple semantic representation : very often the same knowledge can be represented and viewed from different angles. Memorizing different representations of the same fact or rule is recommended in cases where a given memory is of high value.

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17. Redundancy does not contradict minimum information principle
s making sure that the brain can always follow the fastest path while solving the problem. For more on boosting creativity and intelligence read: Roots of genius and creativity, as well as more specific: Derivation, reasoning and intelligence multiple semantic representation : very often the same knowledge can be represented and viewed from different angles. Memorizing different representations of the same fact or rule is recommended in cases where a given memory is of high value. This will increase the expected recall rate (beyond that specified with the forgetting index)! flexible repetition : if there are many valid responses to the same question make sure tha

Flashcard 1442500447500

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

multiple semantic representation: very often the same knowledge can be [...].

Answer

represented and viewed from different angles

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Flashcard 1442650656012

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

Studies have shown that learning is the most likely to be retained and remembered when it can be [...].

Answer

connected to something we already know

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Studies have shown that learning is the most likely to be retained and remembered when it can be connected to something we already know. Knowledge is stored in the brain as schemas, which are built up over time through experience. For example, think of bananas and you will recall instantly their color, shape, taste, sme

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Flashcard 1442653015308

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

Knowledge is stored in the brain as schemas, which are built up over time through [...].

Answer

experience

Think of bananas and you will recall instantly their color, shape, taste, smell, and whether you like them.

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/head>Studies have shown that learning is the most likely to be retained and remembered when it can be connected to something we already know. Knowledge is stored in the brain as schemas, which are built up over time through experience. For example, think of bananas and you will recall instantly their color, shape, taste, smell, and whether you like them.<html>

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Flashcard 1442655374604

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

Schemas are neural networks and they get [...] as we add to them.

Answer

bigger and stronger

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Flashcard 1442660093196

Tags

#six-tips-for-working-with-the-brain

Question

Although retrievals are the key to moving conceptual learning into memory, [...] is the key for habit design.

Answer

repetition

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Although retrievals are the key to moving conceptual learning into memory, repetition is the key for habit design.

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as links to TED Talks, articles, and assignments to further hone their skills. This blended approach allows me to create three retrievals spaced with sleep, and it also starts to build the habits of the behaviors I am trying to cultivate. Tip #6: Be a habit designer Ultimately, the goal of most learning activities is behavior change. No matter the topic, we are trying to elicit new and better behaviors in the learner. Charles Duhigg's The Power of Habit changed the way I see my work. He shares the science of how the basal ganglia in the brain builds habit loops that include a cue or trigger, the routine of behavior, and the reward for completing that routine. Over time, habits become well-grooved neural pathways that almost happen on autopilot, for example how you currently log in to your computer or how you get to work. When we are trying to create behavior change, we need to think about the habits that are currently in place and how to design new, better habits that will be more compelling than the comfort of the current ones. I now think of myself as a habit designer. All of my learning design starts with identifying the habit loop I hope to instill, and I work backward from there. Although retrievals are the key to moving conceptual learning into memory, repetition is the key for habit design. The more we fire neurons together, the stronger that neural pathway becomes, to the point that researchers can measure the neurons growing thicker. As talent development professionals, we are in the business of cultivating potential. Your organization as a whole—as well as every person in it—have unrealized ability, and your job is to cultivate that potential through the learning experiences you create. Work with the natural processes of the brain and nervous system to maximize the impact of your great work. Brain Science Resources Brain science is a burgeoning field and, within it, you will find a wide range of defined specialties from neurology to psychology to biology. This is a lis

Flashcard 1442663501068

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

derivation steps: in more complex problems to solve, memorizing individual derivation steps is always [...]

Answer

highly recommended

(e.g. solving complex mathematical problems). It is not cramming! It is making sure that the brain can always follow the fastest path while solving the problem.

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derivation steps : in more complex problems to solve, memorizing individual derivation steps is always highly recommended (e.g. solving complex mathematical problems). It is not cramming! It is making sure that the brain can always follow the fastest path while solving the problem.</ht

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17. Redundancy does not contradict minimum information principle
ly follow the reasoning steps (e.g. solve a simple mathematical equation) and generate the answer. In such a case, providing the hint on the reasoning steps in the answer will only serve helping you always follow the right path at repetitions derivation steps : in more complex problems to solve, memorizing individual derivation steps is always highly recommended (e.g. solving complex mathematical problems). It is not cramming! It is making sure that the brain can always follow the fastest path while solving the problem. For more on boosting creativity and intelligence read: Roots of genius and creativity, as well as more specific: Derivation, reasoning and intelligence multiple semantic representation : very often the same knowledge can be represented and viewed from different angles. Memorizing different representations of the same fact or rule is re

Flashcard 1442689453324

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Our verbal processing power is greatly inferior as compared with the [...].

Answer

visual processing power

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6. Use imagery
icture is worth a thousand words. Indeed if you look at the number of details kept in a picture and the easiness with which your memory can retain them, you will notice that our verbal processing power is greatly inferior as compared with the visual processing power. The same refers to memory. A graphic representation of information is usually far less volatile. Usually it takes much less time to formulate a simple question-and-answer

Flashcard 1442695744780

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Memorizing seemingly obvious things is [...]

Answer

not a waste of time!

Basics may also appear volatile and the cost of memorizing easy things is little. Better err on the safe side.

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3. Build upon the basics
the better. The shorter the initial chapter of your book the better. Simple models are easier to comprehend and encompass. You can always build upon them later on. Do not neglect the basics. Memorizing seemingly obvious things is not a waste of time! Basics may also appear volatile and the cost of memorizing easy things is little. Better err on the safe side. Remember that usually you spend 50% of your time repeating just 3-5% of th

Flashcard 1442975976716

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Rule 15. Rely on [...]

Answer

emotional states

If you can illustrate your items with examples that are vivid or even shocking, you are likely to enhance retrieval (as long as you do not overuse same tools and fall victim of interference!).

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15. Rely on emotional states
If you can illustrate your items with examples that are vivid or even shocking, you are likely to enhance retrieval (as long as you do not overuse same tools and fall victim of interference!). Your items may assume bizarre form; however, as long as they are produced for your private consumption, the end justifies the means. Use objects that evoke very specific and strong emot

Flashcard 1444415933708

Tags

#pao

Question

Answer

El Canelo

Shadow boxing

Boxing gloves

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Flashcard 1444432973068

Tags

#pao

Question

Answer

Ronaldinho

Kicking

Soccer ball

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Flashcard 1444455517452

Tags

#15-rely-on-emotional-states #rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

Use objects that evoke very [...]

Answer

specific and strong emotions:

love, sex, war, your late relative, object of your infatuation, Linda Tripp, Nelson Mandela, etc. It is well known that emotional states can facilitate recall;

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Use objects that evoke very specific and strong emotions: love, sex, war, your late relative, object of your infatuation, Linda Tripp, Nelson Mandela, etc. It is well known that emotional states can facilitate recall;</htm

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15. Rely on emotional states
are likely to enhance retrieval (as long as you do not overuse same tools and fall victim of interference!). Your items may assume bizarre form; however, as long as they are produced for your private consumption, the end justifies the means. Use objects that evoke very specific and strong emotions: love, sex, war, your late relative, object of your infatuation, Linda Tripp, Nelson Mandela, etc. It is well known that emotional states can facilitate recall; however, you should make sure that you are not deprived of the said emotional clues at the moment when you need to retrieve a given memory in a real-life situation &

Flashcard 1446874844428

Tags

#rules-of-formulating-knowledge

Question

you should make sure that you are not deprived of the said emotional clues at the moment when you need to [...]

Answer

retrieve a given memory in a real-life situation

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you should make sure that you are not deprived of the said emotional clues at the moment when you need to retrieve a given memory in a real-life situation

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15. Rely on emotional states
fies the means. Use objects that evoke very specific and strong emotions: love, sex, war, your late relative, object of your infatuation, Linda Tripp, Nelson Mandela, etc. It is well known that emotional states can facilitate recall; however, you should make sure that you are not deprived of the said emotional clues at the moment when you need to retrieve a given memory in a real-life situation Harder item Q: a light and joking conversation A: banter Easier item Q: a light and joking conversation (e.g. Mandela

Flashcard 1447236603148

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

Conceivable

Answer

capable of being conceived : imaginable <every conceivable combination>

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Flashcard 1450789440780

Tags

#shortcut

Question

How do you open a closed tab?

Answer

command + shift + T

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Flashcard 1451169549580

Tags

#conversation-tactics #how-to-take-a-complement

Question

Conversation tactics are like [...].

Answer

the background music in a television scene

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Conversation tactics are like the background music in a television scene. When they’re there, you don’t notice that everything is flowing smoothly. But when they’re gone, you notice (sometimes immediately)

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Flashcard 1451174792460

Tags

#conversation-tactics #how-to-take-a-complement

Question

Compliments are meant to [...] which ultimately builds comfort and rapport.

Answer

make people feel better about themselves,

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Compliments are meant to make people feel better about themselves, which ultimately builds comfort and rapport.

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Flashcard 1451181608204

Tags

#conversation-tactics #how-to-take-a-complement

Question

Complements are what to some degree?

Answer

selfish

because we give them for people to like us

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Compliments are meant to make people feel better about themselves, which ultimately builds comfort and rapport.

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Flashcard 1451215949068

Tags

#conversation-tactics #how-to-take-a-complement

Question

What should you be carful with when giving a compliment?

Answer

sarcasm son

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Compliments are meant to make people feel better about themselves, which ultimately builds comfort and rapport.

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Flashcard 1451506404620

Question

First of all, when someone pays you a compliment, [...]

Answer

believe in it.

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First of all, when someone pays you a compliment, believe in it. Believe that it is genuine and that the person is rather not attempting to undermine you, undercut you with sarcasm, or simply be malicious. Don't doubt the sincerity of the

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Flashcard 1451532619020

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

Complimenting the compliment allows you to avoid all of the [...] that people would make about how you receive a compliment.

Answer

negative implications and assumptions

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Complimenting the compliment allows you to avoid all of the negative implications and assumptions that people would make about how you receive a compliment.

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Flashcard 1451536813324

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

When receiving a compliment you can`t be either too [...] nor [...]

Answer

arrogant

deny it

Because it is a bit frustrating for the complimenter and makes you seem like I’m fishing for attention.

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When receiving a compliment you can`t be either too arrogant nor deny it because it is a bit frustrating for the complimenter and makes you seem like I’m fishing for attention.

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Flashcard 1451542318348

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

If you [...] and turn a simple compliment into a win-win situation!

Answer

share the spotlight

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In other words, you share the spotlight and turn a simple compliment into a win-win situation!

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Flashcard 1451545726220

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

In any conversation, there is a [...].

Answer

high point

There might be multiple low points, but by default, one part is the best and highest.

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In any conversation, there is a high point. There might be multiple low points, but by default, one part is the best and highest.

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Flashcard 1451570892044

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

Conversations follow an [...] pattern.

Answer

tide like

Failure to anticipate this leads to confusion when the energy naturally recedes and a freak out that accompanies not knowing how to handle it.

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Flashcard 1451577183500

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

If something in a conversation evokes a strong reaction in any way, it’s going to be a [...]

Answer

high point.

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Flashcard 1451578232076

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

Conversations [...] by nature.

Answer

fluctuate

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Conversations fluctuate by nature. The energy level in a conversation is not going to remain fixed and static throughout. Conversation energy levels are like sound waves and there are inevitable lows. &#

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Flashcard 1451580853516

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

Usually, they are high points by virtue of the [...].

Answer

emotional impact

There’s a sense of shared reality, emotion, and it’s the most memorable part of the conversation

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Usually, they are high points by virtue of the emotional impact. There’s a sense of shared reality, emotion, and it’s the most memorable part of the conversation

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Flashcard 1451584523532

Tags

#conversation-tactics #high-points

Question

The question you should be asking is how [...]

Answer

strongly something made you feel

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Flashcard 1451604708620

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

When two people reach a conversation high point, they [...]

Answer

feel a certain bond with each other.

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Flashcard 1451615718668

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

With any other conversational or interpersonal engagement tips, you

Answer

shouldn't come off as obvious.

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Flashcard 1451618077964

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

[...] is your secret weapon.

Answer

Interrupting

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Flashcard 1451627777292

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

interrupt only to

Answer

agree

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Flashcard 1451657923852

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

[...] their language.

Answer

Speak

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Question

When you go beyond vocabulary and go into [...], gestures, and body language, this is how you can relate to people at their core.

Answer

mannerisms

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When you go beyond vocabulary and go into mannerisms, gestures, and body language, this is how you can relate to people at their core.

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Question

In which part of the brain did language began?

Answer

Neo-cortex, broth

The last one to develop.

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Limbic brain
The middle brain links mainly with our emotions: fear, anger, love, affection, and communication. It’s called the family, or limbic brain. This is the group brain system that started to evolve as we began to socialize. Its goals are sho

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Question

Decision-making using One-to-Ten is a form of applied [...]

Answer

Kinesiology

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Question

You can usually tell when people are getting worked up, and when people get worked up, they make [...].

Answer

big proclamations.

They even use hyperbole

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ad>It’s not difficult to actually predict what people are saying so that you can interrupt to agree, or finish their sentences. You can usually tell when they are getting worked up, and when people get worked up, they make big proclamations. They even use hyperbole.<html>

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Question

To use someone’s [...] can make a huge difference in how they perceive you.

Answer

vocabulary

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To use someone’s vocabulary can make a huge difference in how they perceive you.

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Question

The more they feel you are in the same [...] as them, the more they will like you

Answer

emotional place

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The more they feel you are in the same emotional place as them, the more they will like you

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Question

If you know they feel strongly about something, [...]

Answer

interject there!

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If you know they feel strongly about something, interject there!

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Question

Let's face it, modern life can occasionally be [...]

Answer

alienating and isolating

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Let's face it, modern life can occasionally be alienating and isolating

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Question

When you speak in [...] with somebody, this creates emotional [...]

Answer

unison

You both get emotionally engaged and these "aha" moments can't help but draw you closer to each other.

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When you speak in unison with somebody, this creates emotional unison. You both get emotionally engaged and these "aha" moments can't help but draw you closer to each other.

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Question

What is one of the best and easiest ways you can make someone feel comfortable? [...]

Answer

Speak their language.

Use their terms. Take yourself into their verbal comfort zone and let them feel like they’re on home turf.

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What is one of the best and easiest ways you can make someone feel comfortable? Speak their language. Use their terms. Take yourself into their verbal comfort zone and let them feel like they’re on home turf.

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Question

[...] allows you to penetrate their comfort zone faster than most other techniques.

Answer

Speaking someone’s language

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Speaking someone’s language allows you to penetrate their comfort zone faster than most other techniques.

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Question

[...] is more respectful than telling a statement.

Answer

Asking a question

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Asking a question is more respectful than telling a statement. Indeed, when you make a statement or a comment to somebody, this can be perceived as an imposition or an order. It’s a lack of consideration

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When you make a statement or a comment to somebody, this can be perceived as [...]

Answer

an imposition or an order.

It’s a lack of consideration for what they are doing, and creating a dominant tone for them to submit to

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An additional step to create an even greater illusion of respect is [...]

Answer

justification.

Hey, can you please take the trash out for me, I can’t because I’m on the stove right now.

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An additional step to create an even greater illusion of respect is justification. Hey, can you please take the trash out for me, I can’t because I’m on the stove right now.

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Question

The worst thing you can do to someone who has the spotlight is [...]

Answer

to seize it from them.

We do this in various ways without even realizing it!

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The worst thing you can do to someone who has the spotlight is to seize it from them, and we do this in various ways without even realizing it

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The two-second rule is simple. [...]

Answer

After someone speaks, especially longer, more thoughtful, and more personal statements, you pause for two seconds before saying anything

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The two-second rule is simple. After someone speaks, especially longer, more thoughtful, and more personal statements, you pause for two seconds before saying anything

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Question

When somebody stops talking, they usually [...]

Answer

look at your face.

What they're looking for is some sort of cue that you paid attention to them and what they said sank in.

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When somebody stops talking, they usually look at your face. What they're looking for is some sort of cue that you paid attention to them and what they said sank in.

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If you don’t allow people to feel a baseline of respect, some might even [...]

Answer

go through great lengths to pay you back in a similar manner.

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If you don’t allow people to feel a baseline of respect, some might even go through great lengths to pay you back in a similar manner.

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Question

The magic word when you want someone to do something is "[...]."

Answer

because

According to research studies, simply including the word "because" in a request completely defuses a lot of defensiveness and reluctance on the part of the person being requested to do something

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The magic word is "because." According to research studies, simply including the word "because" in a request completely defuses a lot of defensiveness and reluctance on the part of the person being

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Question

During those two seconds, be mindful that your [...] reflects thought and isn’t just a blank stare.

Answer

facial expression

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During those two seconds, be mindful that your facial expression reflects thought and isn’t just a blank stare.

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Question

Stick to the rule: [...]

Answer

Ask, don't tell

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Stick to the rule: Ask, don't tell

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Question

If you [...] and [...] in your conversation, for the person you're talking to, the conversation never teeters out.

Answer

identify a high point, and you kept recycling that high point

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ou're talking to, the conversation never teeters out. This leads them to perceive you as a very clever, interesting, and intelligent person to talk to. You end up making a very favorable impression to them. In reality, what you just did was identify a high point, and you kept recycling that high point in your conversation.<body><html>

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Question

When you talk to someone, there are [...] of communication happening simultaneously.

Answer

several levels

People can feel just fine consciously, yet have a negative feeling subconsciously.

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When you talk to someone, there are several levels of communication happening simultaneously. People can feel just fine consciously, yet have a negative feeling subconsciously

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Question

the biggest way that we seize the spotlight is by [...]

Answer

not appearing to listen to what they are saying

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the biggest way that we seize the spotlight is by not appearing to listen to what they are saying

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Question

The best way to use this phrase (That's really interesting) or similar phrases is to [...]

Answer

do the two-second pause and then say it.

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The best way to use this phrase (That's really interesting) or similar phrases is to do the two-second pause and then say it.

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Question

Of course, interrupting can backfire on you if [...]

Answer

you guess the wrong way.

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Of course, interrupting can backfire on you if you guess the wrong way.

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Question

High point examples:

You [...] that no one else does.

Answer

share a strong perspective on an issue

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High point examples: You can share a big laugh. You can both get emotional and cry. You share a strong perspective on an issue that no one else does. You witness something either horrifying or hilarious together. You finish each other’s sentences. You create an inside joke with them.

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Question

Except for well-tested and proven knowledge (such as 2+2=4), it is highly recommended that you [...].

Answer

include sources from which you have gathered your knowledge

In real-life situation you will often be confronted with challenges to your knowledge

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Except for well-tested and proven knowledge (such as 2+2=4), it is highly recommended that you include sources from which you have gathered your knowledge. In real-life situation you will often be confronted with challenges to your knowledge

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Provide sources
Except for well-tested and proven knowledge (such as 2+2=4), it is highly recommended that you include sources from which you have gathered your knowledge. In real-life situation you will often be confronted with challenges to your knowledge. Sources can come to your rescue. You will also find that facts and figures differ depending on the source. You can really be surprised how frivolously reputable information agencies pu

Flashcard 1453809077516

Question

Limbic brain started to evolve as [...].

Answer

we began to socialize

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Limbic brain started to evolve as we began to socialize.

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Question

[...] is the most destructive of emotional responses, for it clouds your vision the most.

Answer

Anger

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Anger is the most destructive of emotional responses, for it clouds your vision the most.

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Question

LAW 1 NEVER [...]

Answer

OUTSHINE THE MASTER

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LAW 1 NEVER OUTSHINE THE MASTER

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Always make those above you feel [...]

Answer

comfortably superior.

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Always make those above you feel comfortably superior.

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master #second-rule

Question

Second Rule:

Never imagine that because [...].

Answer

the master loves you, you can do anything you want

Entire books could be written about favorites who fell out of favor by taking their status for granted, for daring to outshine.

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Second Rule : Never imagine that because the master loves you, you can do anything you want. Entire books could be written about favorites who fell out of favor by taking their status for granted, for daring to outshine.

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Question

Remember the following: Never take [...] and never let any [...].

Answer

your position for granted

favors you receive go to your head

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Remember the following: Never take your position for granted and never let any favors you receive go to your head.

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The whole point behind the 2 second practice is to [...]

Answer

make you look like a good listener.

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The whole point behind the 2 second practice is to make you look like a good listener.

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Liars and those with hidden agendas tend to [...]

Answer

speed up at certain points

Also those who are nervous, uneasy, and uncomfortable. Their pacing tends to implicate their intent.

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Have you ever noticed that liars and those with hidden agendas tend to speed up at certain points? Also those who are nervous, uneasy, and uncomfortable. Their pacing tends to implicate their intent.

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Question

FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after spending the money required to [...].

Answer

maintain or expand its asset base

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Flow - FCF' Free cash flow (FCF) is a measure of a company's financial performance, calculated as operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after spending the money required to maintain or expand its asset base. FCF is important because it allows a company to pursue opportunities that enhance shareholder value.<body><html>

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Free Cash Flow - FCF Definition | Investopedia
What is 'Free Cash Flow - FCF' Free cash flow (FCF) is a measure of a company's financial performance, calculated as operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after spending the money required to maintain or expand its asset base. FCF is important because it allows a company to pursue opportunities that enhance shareholder value. BREAKING DOWN 'Free Cash Flow - FCF' FCF is an assessment of the amount of cash a company generates after accounting for all capital expenditures, su

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Question

Napoleon advised: Place [...]

Answer

your iron hand inside a velvet glove.

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Napoleon advised: Place your iron hand inside a velvet glove.

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Related to mastering your emotions is the ability to [...] and think objectively about [...]

Answer

distance yourself from the present moment

the past and future.

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Related to mastering your emotions is the ability to distance yourself from the present moment and think objectively about the past and future.

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Question

Instead of dreaming of your plan’s happy ending, you must [...] that might emerge in it.

Answer

work on calculating every possible permutation and pitfall

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Instead of spending your time dreaming of your plan’s happy ending, you must work on calculating every possible permutation and pitfall that might emerge in it.

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Question

You begin by examining the [...], the ones that have most grievously held you back.

Answer

mistakes you have made in the past

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You begin by examining the mistakes you have made in the past, the ones that have most grievously held you back.

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Question

If you can evaluate and observe your past self with the 48 laws, you can learn to [...]—an immensely valuable skill.

Answer

break the patterns of the past

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If you can evaluate and observe your past self with the 48 laws, you can learn to break the patterns of the past—an immensely valuable skill.

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Question

[...] is a developed art of civilization and the most potent weapon in the game of power.

Answer

Deception

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Deception is a developed art of civilization and the most potent weapon in the game of power.

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Question

Like mastering your emotions, [...] is a skill—it does not come naturally.

Answer

patience

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Like mastering your emotions, patience is a skill—it does not come naturally.

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Question

[...] only makes you look weak. It is a principal impediment to power.

Answer

Impatience

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Impatience, on the other hand, only makes you look weak. It is a principal impediment to power.

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Question

Power is essentially amoral and one of the most important skills to acquire is the ability to see [...] rather than [...]

Answer

circumstances

good or evil

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Power is essentially amoral and one of the most important skills to acquire is the ability to see circumstances rather than good or evil

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Question

Perhaps you will attain your goal, and a worthy goal at that, but [...]? Apply this standard to everything, including whether to collaborate with other people or come to their aid.

Answer

at what price

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Perhaps you will attain your goal, and a worthy goal at that, but at what price? Apply this standard to everything, including whether to collaborate with other people or come to their aid.

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Question

An understanding of people’s [...] is the single greatest piece of knowledge you can have in acquiring power.

Answer

hidden motives

It opens up endless possibilities of deception, seduction, and manipulation.

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An understanding of people’s hidden motives is the single greatest piece of knowledge you can have in acquiring power. It opens up endless possibilities of deception, seduction, and manipulation.

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#conversation-tactics #high-points

Question

High point examples:

You witness [...] together.

Answer

something either horrifying or hilarious

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#conversation-tactics

Question

no human being likes to feel [...].

Answer

disrespected and like they don’t matter

It’s a negative feeling that can ruin someone’s day. It’s also largely avoidable

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no human being likes to feel disrespected and like they don’t matter. It’s a negative feeling that can ruin someone’s day. It’s also largely avoidable

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Question

To defuse situations and maximize the illusion of respect, you need to tell people [...].

Answer

why you are asking or explain why you are telling

Giving someone a justification for your ask turns an order into a reasonable and rational request for assistance.

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To defuse situations and maximize the illusion of respect, you need to tell people why you are asking or explain why you are telling. Giving someone a justification for your ask turns an order into a reasonable and rational request for assistance.

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#conversation-tactics

Question

Even if you are listening intently, it’s still easy for others to feel like you are not. Namely, when you [...]

Answer

jump in immediately after they have finished speaking.

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Even if you are listening intently, it’s still easy for others to feel like you are not. Namely, when you jump in immediately after they have finished speaking.

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#conversation-tactics

Question

[...] can either be your friend or undermine what you're trying to say.

Answer

Speed

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Speed can either be your friend or undermine what you're trying to say.

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Question

Regarding pace, When you’re making a big point, you should [...] to increase the impact felt

Answer

slow down your pace

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Speed and pace are how you can emphasize certain points. When you’re making a big point, you should slow down your pace to increase the impact felt

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Question

the better you are at [...], the better friend, lover, husband, wife, and person you become.

Answer

dealing with power

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the better you are at dealing with power, the better friend, lover, husband, wife, and person you become.

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The further you see, the more steps ahead you plan, the more [...]

Answer

powerful you become

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The further you see, the more steps ahead you plan, the more powerful you become

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Question

Never waste valuable time, or mental peace of mind, on the [...]—that is too high a price to pay.

Answer

affairs of others

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Never waste valuable time, or mental peace of mind, on the affairs of others—that is too high a price to pay.

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Question

To be a master player you must also be a master [...].

Answer

psychologist

You must recognize motivations and see through the cloud of dust with which people surround their actions.

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To be a master player you must also be a master psychologist. You must recognize motivations and see through the cloud of dust with which people surround their actions.

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Question

Never trust anyone completely and [...]

Answer

study everyone

including friends and loved ones.

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Never trust anyone completely and study everyone, including friends and loved ones.

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#48-laws-of-power #first-rule #keys-to-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master

Question

If you cannot help being charming and superior, you must learn to [...].

Answer

avoid such monsters of vanity

Either that, or find a way to mute your good qualities when in the company of a Cesare Borgia.

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If you cannot help being charming and superior, you must learn to avoid such monsters of vanity. Either that, or find a way to mute your good qualities when in the company of a Cesare Borgia.

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Question

Public flattery can be effective but has its limits; it is too direct and obvious, and [...]

Answer

looks bad to other courtiers.

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Public flattery can be effective but has its limits; it is too direct and obvious, and looks bad to other courtiers.

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Question

A master who cannot bestow on you [...] may direct rancor and ill will at you instead.

Answer

the gifts of his experience

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A master who cannot bestow on you the gifts of his experience may direct rancor and ill will at you instead.

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Question

Commit harmless mistakes that will not hurt you in the long run but [...].

Answer

will give you the chance to ask for his help.

Masters adore such requests.

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Commit harmless mistakes that will not hurt you in the long run but will give you the chance to ask for his help. Masters adore such requests.

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#48-laws-of-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master #reversal

Question

If your master is very weak and ready to fall, [...].

Answer

let nature take its course

Do not risk outshining a feeble superior—it might appear cruel or spiteful.

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If your master is very weak and ready to fall, let nature take its course. Do not risk outshining a feeble superior—it might appear cruel or spiteful.

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Question

If you can master the [...], you will be able to make people bend to your will without their realizing what you have done.

Answer

arts of indirection

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If you can master the arts of indirection, you will be able to make people bend to your will without their realizing what you have done. And if they do not realize what you have done, they will neither resent nor resist you.</s

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Question

You must create for yourself-one face looking continuously to [...] and the other to [...]

Answer

the future

the past.

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You must create for yourself-one face looking continuously to the future and the other to the past.

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Question

Another strategy of the supposed nonplayer is to [...].

Answer

demand equality in every area of life

Everyone must be treated alike, whatever their status and strength.

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Another strategy of the supposed nonplayer is to demand equality in every area of life. Everyone must be treated alike, whatever their status and strength.

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Question

The only means to gain one’s ends with people are [...].

Answer

force and cunning

Love also, they say; but that is to wait for sunshine, and life needs every moment

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The only means to gain one’s ends with people are force and cunning. Love also, they say; but that is to wait for sunshine, and life needs every moment

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Question

An [...] to a situation is the single greatest barrier to power.

Answer

emotional response

a mistake that will cost you a lot more than any temporary satisfaction you might gain by expressing your feelings.

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An emotional response to a situation is the single greatest barrier to power, a mistake that will cost you a lot more than any temporary satisfaction you might gain by expressing your feelings.

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Question

If you are trying to [...], far better to keep him off-guard by feigning friendliness than showing your anger.

Answer

destroy an enemy who has hurt you

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If you are trying to destroy an enemy who has hurt you, far better to keep him off-guard by feigning friendliness than showing your anger.

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The real purpose of the backward-glancing eye is to [...]—

Answer

educate yourself constantly

you look at the past to learn from those who came before you. (The many historical examples in this book will greatly help that process.)

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The real purpose of the backward-glancing eye is to educate yourself constantly—you look at the past to learn from those who came before you. (The many historical examples in this book will greatly help that process.)

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Question

If deception is the most potent weapon in your arsenal, then [...] in all things is your crucial shield.

Answer

patience

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If deception is the most potent weapon in your arsenal, then patience in all things is your crucial shield.

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Question

[...] is the supreme virtue of the gods.

Answer

patience

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patience is the supreme virtue of the gods, who have nothing but time.

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Question

Never [...] as to whom you study and whom you trust.

Answer

discriminate

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Never discriminate as to whom you study and whom you trust.

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Finally, you must learn always to take the [...] to power.

Answer

indirect route

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Finally, you must learn always to take the indirect route to power.

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Question

Make your masters appear [...] and you will attain the heights of power.

Answer

more brilliant than they are

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Make your masters appear more brilliant than they are and you will attain the heights of power.

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Question

When you show yourself in the world and [...], you naturally stir up all kinds of resentment, envy, and other manifestations of insecurity.

Answer

display your talents

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When you show yourself in the world and display your talents, you naturally stir up all kinds of resentment, envy, and other manifestations of insecurity.

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Question

First rule:

You can outshine a master [...].

Answer

without knowing simply by being yourself

Some masters are really insecure; you may naturally outshine them by your charm and grace.

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First rule: You can inadvertently outshine a master simply by being yourself. There are masters who are more insecure than others, monstrously insecure; you may naturally outshine them by your charm and grace.

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[...] flattery is much more powerful.

Answer

Discreet

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Discreet flattery is much more powerful.

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Question

It is the natural course of things that power [...].

Answer

eventually fades and weakens

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It is the natural course of things that power eventually fades and weakens.

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Question

Half of your mastery of power comes from what you [...].

Answer

do not do

what you do not allow yourself to get dragged into.

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Half of your mastery of power comes from what you do not do, what you do not allow yourself to get dragged into.

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Question

It is a game. Both of you behave as gentlemen. observing the rules of the game and [...]

Answer

taking nothing personally.

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It is a game. Both of you behave as gentlemen. observing the rules of the game and taking nothing personally.

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Question

LAW 2

NEVER [...], LEARN HOW [...]

Answer

PUT TOO MUCH TRUST IN FRIENDS

TO USE ENEMIES

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LAW 2 NEVER PUT TOO MUCH TRUST IN FRIENDS, LEARN HOW TO USE ENEMIES

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Question

Without enemies around us, [...].

Answer

we grow lazy

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Without enemies around us, we grow lazy. An enemy at our heels sharpens our wits, keeping us focused and alert. It is sometimes better, then, to use enemies as enemies rather than transforming them into friends or allies.</sp

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Question

Keep people off-balance and in the dark by [...].

Answer

never revealing the purpose behind your actions

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Keep people off-balance and in the dark by never revealing the purpose behind your actions. If they have no clue what you are up to, they cannot prepare a defense. Guide them far enough down the wrong path, envelop them in enough smoke, and by the time they realize your inten

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Question

If people have no clue what you are up to, they [...].

Answer

cannot prepare a defense

Guide them down the wrong path, envelop them in smoke, and when they realize your intentions, it will be too late.

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Question

it is very effective to influence someone using a strong emotional technique, and then help them along by [...]

Answer

giving them a logical reason to explain to themselves or others by saying ‘because…’ and giving any logical reason.

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it is very effective to influence someone using a strong emotional technique, and then help them along by giving them a logical reason to explain to themselves or others by saying ‘because…’ and giving any logical reason.

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Question

It’s important to remember that people make decisions [...]

Answer

emotionally.
They follow their emotions.

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It’s important to remember that people make decisions emotionally, because then you start to realize that people will follow their emotions. Yet they do not necessarily know where their emotions are coming from. You can lead their emotions, in ma

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#conversation-tactics

Question

[...]o show you are really excited about what they are saying.

Answer

Interrupt

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Interrupt to show you are really excited about what they are saying.

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Question

If you have to entertaining your master, [...] to win his sympathy.

Answer

display limited means

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If you have to entertaining your master, display limited means to win his sympathy.

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Question

being perfectly honest will inevitably hurt and insult a great many people, some of whom [...]

Answer

will choose to injure you in return.

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being perfectly honest will inevitably hurt and insult a great many people, some of whom will choose to injure you in return.

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Question

[...] blind every man to their interests.

Answer

friendship and love

Nobody believes a friend can betray.

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friendship and love blind every man to their interests. Nobody believes a friend can betray.

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#48-laws-of-power #interpretation #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies #transgression-of-the-law

Question

Lord, [...]; I can take care of my enemies.

Voltaire, 1694-1778

Answer

protect me from my friends

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Lord, protect me from my friends; I can take care of my enemies. Voltaire, 1694-1778

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies

Question

When you decide to hire a friend it is your act of kindness that unbalances everything because [...]

Answer

People want to feel they deserve their good fortune.

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When you decide to hire a friend, you gradually discover the qualities he or she has kept hidden. Strangely enough, it is your act of kindness that unbalances everything. People want to feel they deserve their good fortune.

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Flashcard 1464607051020

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies

Question

The receipt of a favor can become oppressive: It means you have been chosen [...]

Answer

because you are a friend, not necessarily because you are deserving.

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The receipt of a favor can become oppressive: It means you have been chosen because you are a friend, not necessarily because you are deserving.

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Flashcard 1464613866764

Tags

#48-laws-of-power #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies #reversal

Question

One problem about working with friends is that it confuses the [...] that working requires.

Answer

boundaries and distances

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Finally, the problem about working with friends is that it confuses the boundaries and distances that working requires.

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #reciprocation

Question

sending in [...] is sure to get you in many people’s good books regardless of whether it is for business purposes or personal use.

Answer

personalized gifts or favors

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sending in personalized gifts or favors is sure to get you in many people’s good books regardless of whether it is for business purposes or personal use.

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Flashcard 1464629595404

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #social-proof

Question

In business you can always find examples of how [...] in that way.

Answer

your target market is acting

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In business you can always find examples of how your target market is acting in that way. And of course, testimonials are the best possible marketing tool, because of this principle.

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #social-proof

Question

[...] are the best possible marketing tool, because of this principle.

Answer

testimonials

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In business you can always find examples of how your target market is acting in that way. And of course, testimonials are the best possible marketing tool, because of this principle.

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Flashcard 1464644799756

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #commitment-and-consistency

Question

Try making people to take small actions in the direction you want [...] bigger decision.

Answer

a long time before you get to the

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Try making people to take small actions in the direction you want a long time before you get to the bigger decision. In practice, you can start by simply getting a person to say ‘yes’ and agree that they have acted that way in the past.

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #commitment-and-consistency

Question

In practice, you can start by simply getting a person to say ‘yes’ and agree that [...]

Answer

they have acted that way in the past.

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #scarcity

Question

Even a [...] will have an unconscious impact on their decision-making process.

Answer

vague sense of scarcity

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Even a vague sense of scarcity will have an unconscious impact on their decision-making process. When you start using numbers, saying there is only this much tie or this many days, or this many of it left. Then it ge

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Tags

#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #liking

Question

Cialdini says we like people who [...].

Answer

are similar to us

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Who we honestly like in an unconscious automatic, instant reaction kind of way. First and foremost, Cialdini says we like people who are similar to us.

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master

Question

Any attempt to impress your master with your grace and generosity can [...]

Answer

prove fatal: Learn from Fouquet or pay the price.

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Any attempt to impress your master with your grace and generosity can prove fatal: Learn from Fouquet or pay the price.

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Flashcard 1464663149836

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master

Question

All superiority is odious, but the superiority of a [...] is not only stupid, it is fatal.

Answer

subject over his prince

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All superiority is odious, but the superiority of a subject over his prince is not only stupid, it is fatal.

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies

Question

There is almost a touch of [...] in the act of hiring friends that secretly afflicts them.

Answer

condescension

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There is almost a touch of condescension in the act of hiring friends that secretly afflicts them.

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Flashcard 1464670489868

Tags

#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-2-never-trust-friends-learn-how-to-use-enemies

Question

As Lincoln said, you destroy [...] of him.

Answer

an enemy when you make a friend

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As Lincoln said, you destroy an enemy when you make a friend of him.

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#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #commitment-and-consistency

Question

This is many times more powerful when [...].

Answer

Done publicly

Because it’s evolutionarily most important to use that we are seen to be consistent.

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This is many times more powerful when we have shown our actions to other people, or somehow publically committed to it. This is because it’s evolutionarily most important to use that we are seen to be consistent. And it’s almost physically painful to be seen to be inconsistent.</htm

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Tags

#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #authority

Question

It's easier to influence if the person being influenced perceives the person influencing to be [...]

Answer

of higher authority.

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Any attempt to influence someone in any direction will be instantly more powerful and effective if the person being influenced perceives the person influencing to be of higher authority.

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#69-ways-to-influence

Question

[...] key drivers of human behavior as laid out by Cialdini

Answer

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6 key drivers of human behavior as laid out by Cialdini

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#48-laws-of-power #keys-to-power #law-1-never-outshine-the-master

Question

If your ideas are more creative than your master’s, [...], in as [...] as possible.

Answer

ascribe them to him

public a manner

Make it clear that your advice is merely an echo of his advice.

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If your ideas are more creative than your master’s, ascribe them to him, in as public a manner as possible. Make it clear that your advice is merely an echo of his advice.

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Flashcard 1465054268684

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#48-laws-of-power #law-3-conceal-your-intentions

Question

If at any point in the deception practice [...], all is lost.

Answer

people suspect your intentions

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If at any point in the deception you practice people have the slightest suspicion as to your intentions, all is lost. Do not give them the chance to sense what you are up to: Throw them off the scent by dragging red herrings across the path. Use false sincerity, send ambiguous signals, se

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Tags

#48-laws-of-power #law-3-conceal-your-intentions #part-i-use-objects-of-desire-and-red-herrings #transgression-of-the-law

Question

A woman who is interested in a man wants to [...], too.

Answer

see that other women are interested in him.

It makes it all the more satisfying to snatch him from them.

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A woman who is interested in a man wants to see that other women are interested in him, too.

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#48-laws-of-power #law-3-conceal-your-intentions #part-i-use-objects-of-desire-and-red-herrings #transgression-of-the-law

Question

A [...] is a prerequisite for successful seduction.

Answer

state of emotional confusion

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A state of emotional confusion that is a prerequisite for successful seduction.

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Tags

#contabilidad #vocabulario

Question

Salvage Value

Answer

valor residual

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Flashcard 1477042900236

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

Chapter 10. Celebrate people’s [...].

Answer

idiosyncrasies

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Chapter 10. Celebrate people’s idiosyncrasies.

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Question

[...], are funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment.

Answer

Capital expenditure, or CapEx

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Capital expenditure, or CapEx, are funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment.

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Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) Definition | Investopedia
What is 'Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)' Capital expenditure, or CapEx, are funds used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment. It is often used to undertake new projects or investments by the firm. This type of outlay is also made by companies to maintain or increase the scope of their operations. These expenditures can include everything from repairing a roof to building, to purchasing a piece of equipment, or building a brand new factory. BREAKING DOWN 'Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)' In terms of accounting, an expense is considered to be a capital expenditure when the asset is a newly

Flashcard 1477066755340

Question

If an expense is a capital expenditure, it needs to be [...].

Answer

capitalized

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If an expense is a capital expenditure, it needs to be capitalized. This requires the company to spread the cost of the expenditure (the fixed cost) over the useful life of the asset.

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Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) Definition | Investopedia
companies to maintain or increase the scope of their operations. These expenditures can include everything from repairing a roof to building, to purchasing a piece of equipment, or building a brand new factory. BREAKING DOWN 'Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)' In terms of accounting, an expense is considered to be a capital expenditure when the asset is a newly purchased capital asset or an investment that improves the useful life of an existing capital asset. If an expense is a capital expenditure, it needs to be capitalized. This requires the company to spread the cost of the expenditure (the fixed cost) over the useful life of the asset. If, however, the expense is one that maintains the asset at its current condition, the cost is deducted fully in the year of the expense. The amount of capital expenditures a company is likely to have depends on the industry it occupies. Some of the most capital intensive industries have the highest levels of capital ex

Flashcard 1477089824012

Question

A divestiture, in its simplest form, is the [...] by a company.

Answer

disposition or sale of an asset

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A divestiture, in its simplest form, is the disposition or sale of an asset by a company.

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Divestiture Definition | Investopedia
after a merger or acquisition, if the disposal of a unit increases the resale value of the firm, or if a court requires the sale of a business unit to improve market competition. BREAKING DOWN 'Divestiture' A divestiture, in its simplest form, is the disposition or sale of an asset by a company. Divestitures are essentially a way for a company to manage its portfolio of assets. As companies grow, they may find that they are trying to focus on too many lines of business, and the

Flashcard 1477094542604

Tags

#dale-carnegie #how-to-win-friends

Question

Being challenge to a duel to death taught Lincoln an invaluable lesson in the art of dealing with people. Which was it?

Answer

Never again did he criticized, insult or ridicule anyone.

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Being challenge to a duel to death taught Lincoln an invaluable lesson in the art of dealing with people. Which was it? Never again did he write an insulting letter. Never again did he ridicule anyone. And from that time on, he almost never criticized anybody for anything.

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#48-laws-of-power

Question

What is the most potent weapon in your arsenal?

Answer

Deception

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If deception is the most potent weapon in your arsenal, then patience in all things is your crucial shield.

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Flashcard 1478436719884

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#investopedia

Question

A [...] is calculated in the balance sheet as (original cost – accumulated depreciation) for tangible and physical assets

Answer

carrying value

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Carrying Value Definition | Investopedia
What is a 'Carrying Value' A carrying value is calculated in the balance sheet as (original cost – accumulated depreciation), and this formula applies to tangible, or physical, assets. If a company purchases a patent or some other intellectual property item, the formula for carrying value is original cost less amortization expense. Intangible assets must be reviewed f

Flashcard 1479071894796

Tags

#daniel-goleman #emotional-brain #emotional-iq #impulses-to-action #what-are-emotions-for #when-passions-overwhelm-reasons

Question

All emotions are, in essence [...]

Answer

impulses to act

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All emotions are, in essence, impulses to act, the instant plans for handling life that evolution has instilled in us.

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#daniel-goleman #emotional-brain #emotional-iq #how-the-brain-grew #what-are-emotions-for #when-passions-overwhelm-reasons

Question

The survival edge is due to the neocortex's talent for [...], [...], and other mental wiles.

Answer

strategizing

long-term planning

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The survival edge is due to the neocortex's talent for strategizing, long-term planning, and other mental wiles.

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Question

Installment Sales en español

Answer

Ventas a plazos

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Flashcard 1480011943180

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#power-of-habit

Question

What is the part of the brain that creates habits?

Answer

Basal ganglia

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#power-of-habit

Question

What happened to the rat's brain after a couple of times when it needed to find the cheese?

Answer

Mental activity decreased as it turned into a habit

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#reading-25-understanding-income-statement #revenue-recognition

Question

An even more challenging revenue recognition issue evolved from a specific type of barter transaction, a [...] .

Answer

round-trip transaction

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3.2.3. Barter
veloped. As an example, if Company A exchanges advertising space for computer equipment from Company B but no cash changes hands, can Company A and B both report revenue? Such an exchange is referred to as a “barter transaction.” An even more challenging revenue recognition issue evolved from a specific type of barter transaction, a round-trip transaction. As an example, if Company A sells advertising services (or energy contracts, or commodities) to Company B and almost simultaneously buys an almost identical product from Company B, can

Flashcard 1480275397900

Tags

#reading-25-understanding-income-statement #revenue-recognition

Question

Barter en español

Answer

Trueque

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3.2.3. Barter
Revenue recognition issues related to barter transactions became particularly important as e-commerce developed. As an example, if Company A exchanges advertising space for computer equipment from Company B but no cash changes han

Flashcard 1486383090956

Tags

#exam-fails #fra-introduction

Question

If a company's operating cycle lasts 2 years, which timeframe should be used to categorize current assets?

Answer

C. Two years

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Flashcard 1497302961420

Question

If a [...] is recorded in a related account, the contra account records a credit.

Answer

debit

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A contra account is an account found in an account ledger that is used to reduce the value of a related account. A contra account's natural balance is opposite of the associated account. If a debit is recorded in a related account, the contra account record also records a credit.

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Contra Account Definition | Investopedia
What is a 'Contra Account' A contra account is an account found in an account ledger that is used to reduce the value of a related account. A contra account's natural balance is opposite of the associated account. If a debit is recorded in a related account, the contra account record also records a credit. BREAKING DOWN 'Contra Account' Contra accounts are reported on the same financial statement as the associated account. For example, a contra account

Flashcard 1497408867596

Question

Many investments have a fair value determined by a [...].

Answer

market where the security is traded

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Fair value is defined as a sale price agreed to by a willing buyer and seller, assuming both parties enter the transaction freely. Many investments have a fair value determined by a market where the security is traded. Fair value also represents the value of a company’s assets and liabilities when a subsidiary company’s financial statements are consolidated with a parent company.

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Fair Value Definition | Investopedia
What is 'Fair Value' Fair value is defined as a sale price agreed to by a willing buyer and seller, assuming both parties enter the transaction freely. Many investments have a fair value determined by a market where the security is traded. Fair value also represents the value of a company’s assets and liabilities when a subsidiary company’s financial statements are consolidated with a parent company. BREAKING DOWN 'Fair Value' The most reliable way to determine an investment’s fair value is to list the security on an exchange. If XYZ stock trad

Flashcard 1601894747404

Tags

#6-principles #69-ways-to-influence #commitment-and-consistency

Question

Always get someone to [...] about their previous actions in the direction you want.

Answer

speak out loud

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Always get someone to speak out loud about their previous actions in the direction you want.

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Flashcard 1601903136012

Tags

#conversation-tactics

Question

If someone makes a joke at your expense, simply agree with them and [...]

Answer

really exaggerate it

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If someone makes a joke at your expense, simply agree with them and exaggerate it to the 10 th degree.

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Question

[...] can include everything from repairing a roof to building, to purchasing a piece of equipment, or building a brand new factory.

Answer

Capex

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Capex can include everything from repairing a roof to building, to purchasing a piece of equipment, or building a brand new factory.

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Flashcard 1602177076492

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#conversation-tactics

Question

The more [...] you are, the easier it is to carry on a conversation.

Answer

observant

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The more observant you are, the easier it is to carry on a conversation.

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Flashcard 1603186068748

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#48-laws-of-power #interpretation #law-3-conceal-your-intentions #part-i-use-objects-of-desire-and-red-herrings #transgression-of-the-law

Question

Everything in seduction depends on [...].

Answer

suggestion

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Everything in seduction, however, depends on suggestion. You cannot announce your intentions or reveal them directly in words. Instead you must throw your targets off the scent.

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Flashcard 1611239656716

Question

Acronimo para componentes de Equity [...]

Answer

CRAMT

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Equity
Equity is a residual value of assets which the owner has claim to after satisfying other claims on the assets (liabilities). There are five potential components that comprise the owner's equity section of the balance sheet: Contributed capital. The amount of money which has been invested in the business by the owners. This includes preferred stocks and common stocks. Common stock is recorded at par value with the remaining amo

Flashcard 1611245161740

Question

Common stock is recorded at par value with the remaining amount invested contained in [...]

Answer

additional paid-in capital.

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Equity
sidual value of assets which the owner has claim to after satisfying other claims on the assets (liabilities). There are five potential components that comprise the owner's equity section of the balance sheet: Contributed capital. The amount of money which has been invested in the business by the owners. This includes preferred stocks and common stocks. Common stock is recorded at par value with the remaining amount invested contained in additional paid-in capital. Minority interest. Retained earnings. These are the total earnings of the company since its inception less all dividends paid out.

Flashcard 1611247783180

Question

[...] The amount of money which has been invested in the business by the owners.

Answer

Contributed capital or paid in capital

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Flashcard 1611254861068

Question

This Equity component includes items such as the minimum liability recognized for under-funded pension plans, market value changes in non-current investments, and the cumulative effect of foreign exchange rate changes.

Answer

Accumulated comprehensive income.

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Equity
. This is a company's own stock that has Already been fully issued and was outstanding; Been reacquired by the company; and Not been retired. It decreases stockholder's equity and total shares outstanding. Accumulated comprehensive income. This includes items such as the minimum liability recognized for under-funded pension plans, market value changes in non-current investments, and the cumulative effect of foreign exchange rate changes. Refer to Reading 24 [Understanding the Income Statement] for details. Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity This statement reflects information about increases

Flashcard 1611257220364

Question

[...] This statement reflects information about increases or decreases to a company's net assets or wealth.

Answer

Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity

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Equity
imum liability recognized for under-funded pension plans, market value changes in non-current investments, and the cumulative effect of foreign exchange rate changes. Refer to Reading 24 [Understanding the Income Statement] for details. Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity This statement reflects information about increases or decreases to a company's net assets or wealth. It reveals much more about the year's stockholders' equity transactions than the statement of retained earnings. The statement of shareholders' equity is a financial statem

Flashcard 1611261938956

Question

Statement of [...] includes capital transactions with owners (e.g., issuing shares) and distributions to owners (i.e., dividends).

Answer

Changes in Shareholders' Equity

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Equity
d earnings. The statement of shareholders' equity is a financial statement that summarizes changes that occurred during the accounting period in components of the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet. For example, it includes capital transactions with owners (e.g., issuing shares) and distributions to owners (i.e., dividends). The shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet lists the items in contributed capital and retained earnings on the balance sheet date. <body><html>

Flashcard 1611297590540

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#has-images

Question

Current ratio = [...]

Answer

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Subject 5. Uses and Analysis of the Balance Sheet
e following ratios takes a slightly different view of cash or near-cash items. Current Ratio is a measure of the number of dollars of current assets available to meet current obligations. It is the best-known liquidity measure. A current ratio of less than 1 indicates the company has negative working capital. Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio) eliminates less liquid assets, such as inventory and pre-paid expenses, from the current ratio. If inve

Flashcard 1611313319180

Question

Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to [...]

Answer

meet long-term and other obligations.

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Subject 5. Uses and Analysis of the Balance Sheet
tio, determined by eliminating receivables from the quick ratio. As with the elimination of inventory in the quick ratio, there is no guarantee that the receivables will be collected. Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet long-term and other obligations. Long-Term Debt-Equity Ratio is an indicator of the degree of protection available to the creditors in the event of insolvency of a company. Higher debt-equity ratio indicat

Flashcard 1612621679884

Question

Comprehensive en español

Answer

Integral, Completo

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By definition, the opposite of the word comprehensive is incomplete, empty, limited or narrow. Some may say it is exclusive of something or unfinished in some way. So it is not surprising that when accountants speak of detail, they referen

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Comprehensive Income Definition | Investopedia
rt comprehensive income in a separate statement from income resulting from owner changes in equity but have the option of providing information in a single statement. BREAKING DOWN 'Comprehensive Income' By definition, the opposite of the word comprehensive is incomplete, empty, limited or narrow. Some may say it is exclusive of something or unfinished in some way. So it is not surprising that when accountants speak of detail, they reference the word comprehensive. The more comprehensive a financial statement, the more detailed. Comprehensive Income One of the most important financial statements is the income statement. It provides an overview of sales and expenses, including taxes and interest. At the end

Flashcard 1615930199308

Question

The beginning and ending cash balances on the statement of cash flows tie directly to the [...] accounts listed on the balance sheets at the beginning and end of the accounting period.

Answer

Cash and Cash Equivalents

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Subject 2. Preparing the Cash Flow Statement
The beginning and ending cash balances on the statement of cash flows tie directly to the Cash and Cash Equivalents accounts listed on the balance sheets at the beginning and end of the accounting period. Net income differs from net operating cash flows for several reasons. One reason is non-cash expenses, such as depreciation and the amortization of intangible

Flashcard 1615942782220

Question

Net income differs from operating cashflows because of when the [...] and the occurrence of the underlying cash flows.

Answer

recognition of revenue and expense is done

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Subject 2. Preparing the Cash Flow Statement
g cash flows for several reasons. One reason is non-cash expenses, such as depreciation and the amortization of intangible assets. These expenses, which require no cash outlays, reduce net income but do not affect net cash flows. Another reason is the many timing differences existing between the recognition of revenue and expense and the occurrence of the underlying cash flows. Finally, non-operating gains and losses enter into the determination of net income, but the related cash flows are classified as investing or financing activities, not operating activit

Flashcard 1615956937996

Question

Which casflow statement method shows more cash flow information?

Answer

The direct method

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Subject 2. Preparing the Cash Flow Statement
, cash paid to suppliers, cash paid for interest) in the operating activities section of the cash flow statement. It adjusts each item in the income statement to its cash equivalent. It shows operating cash receipts and payments. More cash flow information can be obtained and it is more easily understood by the average reader. The indirect method reconciles net income to net cash flow from operating activities by adjusting net income for all non-cash items and the net changes in the op

Flashcard 1615959297292

Question

Which cashflow method is more easily understood by the average reader?

Answer

The direct method

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Subject 2. Preparing the Cash Flow Statement
in the operating activities section of the cash flow statement. It adjusts each item in the income statement to its cash equivalent. It shows operating cash receipts and payments. More cash flow information can be obtained and it is more easily understood by the average reader. The indirect method reconciles net income to net cash flow from operating activities by adjusting net income for all non-cash items and the net changes in the op

Flashcard 1615981579532

Question

Adjustments to net income necessary to arrive at net cash flows from operating activities fall into three categories: [...] , timing differences, and [...]

Answer

non-cash expenses

non-operating gains and losses.

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Subject 2. Preparing the Cash Flow Statement
g activities: Indirect Method The indirect method uses net income (as reported in the income statement) as the starting point in the computation of net cash flows from operating activities. Adjustments to net income necessary to arrive at net cash flows from operating activities fall into three categories: non-cash expenses, timing differences, and non-operating gains and losses. Adjustments reconcile net income (accrual basis) to net cash flows from operating activities. In other words, the indirect method adjusts net income for items that affected reported net

Flashcard 1615991016716

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#fucked-up-questions

Question

An increase in [...] represents an outflow of cash that is not yet reported on the income statement as an expense.

Answer

prepaid expenses

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In calculating the cash payments for other operating expenses, which of the following items must a company add to the other operating expenses reported on the income statement?
An increase in prepaid expenses must be added to the other operating expenses reported on the income statement to calculate the cash payments for other operating expenses. An increase in prepaid expenses represents an outflow of cash that is not yet reported on the income statement as an expense.

Flashcard 1618761092364

Question

[...] is a hybrid of debt and equity financing.

Answer

Mezzanine financing

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Mezzanine financing is a hybrid of debt and equity financing that gives the lender the rights to convert to an ownership or equity interest in the company in case of default, after venture capital companie

Original toplevel document

Mezzanine Financing
What is 'Mezzanine Financing' Mezzanine financing is a hybrid of debt and equity financing that gives the lender the rights to convert to an ownership or equity interest in the company in case of default, after venture capital companies and other senior lenders are paid. Mezzanine financing, usually completed with little due diligence on the part of the lender and little or no collateral on the part of the borrower, is treated like equity on a company's

Flashcard 1621934869772

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#fra-introduction

Question

A [...] is profits that have been appropriated for a particular purpose.

Answer

reserve

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A reserve is profits that have been appropriated for a particular purpose. Reserves are sometimes set up to purchase fixed assets, pay an expected legal settlement, pay bonuses, pay off debt, pay for repairs and maintenance, and so forth.<

Original toplevel document

reserves+accounting - Buscar con Google
istorySearch help Tools Any time Any time Past hour Past 24 hours Past week Past month Past year Custom range... Customised date range From To All results All results Verbatim About 89,500,000 results (0.56 seconds) Search Results A reserve is profits that have been appropriated for a particular purpose. Reserves are sometimes set up to purchase fixed assets, pay an expected legal settlement, pay bonuses, pay off debt, pay for repairs and maintenance, and so forth.Jan 5, 2013 Reserve accounting — AccountingTools https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/what-is-reserve-accounting.html Feedback About this result People also ask What

Flashcard 1621937229068

Question

[...] are sometimes set up to purchase fixed assets, pay an expected legal settlement, pay bonuses, pay off debt, pay for repairs and maintenance, and so forth.

Answer

Reserves

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Flashcard 1621959773452

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#baii

Question

Que es lo primero que tengo que hacer en la calculadora para calcular el interes efectivo?

Answer

2ND y ICON (esta en el 2)

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Flashcard 1622003027212

Tags

#words

Question

Preclude meaning

Answer

prevent from happening; make impossible.

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Flashcard 1622125710604

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#fucked-up-questions

Question

In which statement is "other operating expenses" reported?

Answer

the income statement

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Flashcard 1622135409932

Question

[...] gives the lender the rights to convert to equity in case of default.

Answer

Mezzanine financing

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Flashcard 1622936784140

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#math-shit

Question

Los [...] son los números que se multiplican para obtener otro número

Answer

Factores

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Flashcard 1623552822540

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#discounted-cashflow-applications

Question

The IRR and NPV rules rank projects differently when

the [...] differs

Answer

size or scale of the projects

(measuring size by the investment needed to undertake the project),

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Flashcard 1625071684876

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#has-images #reading-6-tvm

Question

When you make a single investment today, its future value, received N years from now, is as follows:

Answer

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subject 3. The Future Value and Present Value of a Single Cash Flow
When you make a single investment today, its future value, received N years from now, is as follows: FV = future value at time n PV = present value r = interest rate per period N = number of years A key assumption of the future valu

Flashcard 1625138793740

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#reading-6-tvm

Question

What is the formula to compute the present value of a series of uneven cash flows?

Answer

There is no single formula available

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Subject 5. The Future Value and Present Value of a Series of Uneven Cash Flows
This subject is for LOS 6.e. A series of uneven cash flows means that the cash flow stream is uneven over many time periods. There is no single formula available to compute the present or future value of a series of uneven cash flows. Present Value When we have unequal cash flows, we must first find the present value of each individual cash flow and then the sum of the respective present valu

Flashcard 1634531151116

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#baii

Question

How do you change the decimals points?

Answer

2nd ------> Format (abajo al lado del 0)

En DEC escoges los que quieres entre 0 y 8 y le picas enter

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Flashcard 1637191650572

Question

[...] means selling borrowed shares in the hope of repurchasing them later at a lower price.

Answer

Selling short or shorting stock

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Flashcard 1637645159692

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#fractions

Question

An [...] has a top number larger than (or equal to) the bottom number.

Answer

Improper Fraction

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Improper Fractions
eometry Data Measure Puzzles Games Dictionary Worksheets Show Ads Hide AdsAbout Ads Improper Fractions 7 4 (seven-fourths or seven-quarters) An Improper Fraction has a top number larger than (or equal to) the bottom number. It is "top-heavy" More Examples 3 7 16 15 99 2 3 15 15 5 See how the top number is bigger than (or equal to) th

Flashcard 1637650402572

Tags

#fractions

Question

The bottom number (the Denominator) is the number of [...]

Answer

parts the whole is divided into.

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Improper Fractions
Three Types of Fractions There are three types of fraction: Fractions A Fraction (such as 7 / 4 ) has two numbers: Numerator Denominator The top number (the Numerator) is the number of parts we have. The bottom number (the Denominator) is the number of parts the whole is divided into. Example: 7 / 4 means: We have 7 parts Each part is a quarter ( 1 / 4 ) of a whole So we can define the three types of fractions like this:

Flashcard 1637652761868

Tags

#fractions

Question

In [...] Fractions the numerator is less than the denominator

Answer

Proper

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Improper Fractions
inator) is the number of parts the whole is divided into. Example: 7 / 4 means: We have 7 parts Each part is a quarter ( 1 / 4 ) of a whole So we can define the three types of fractions like this: Proper Fractions: The numerator is less than the denominator Examples: 1 / 3 , 3 / 4 , 2 / 7 Improper Fractions: The numerator is greater than (or equal to) the denominator Examples: 4 / 3 , 11 / 4 , 7 / 7 Mixed Fractions: A whole n

Flashcard 1637655121164

Tags

#fractions

Question

[...] Fractions are a whole number and proper fraction together

Answer

Mixed

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Improper Fractions
like this: Proper Fractions: The numerator is less than the denominator Examples: 1 / 3 , 3 / 4 , 2 / 7 Improper Fractions: The numerator is greater than (or equal to) the denominator Examples: 4 / 3 , 11 / 4 , 7 / 7 Mixed Fractions: A whole number and proper fraction together Examples: 1 1 / 3 , 2 1 / 4 , 16 2 / 5 Improper Fraction So an improper fraction is a fraction where the top number (numerator) is greater than or equal to the botto

Flashcard 1637662723340

Tags

#fractions

Question

There are 3 simple steps to multiply fractions

1. Multiply [...]

2. Multiply [...]

3. Simplify the fraction if needed.

Answer

the top numbers (the numerators).

the bottom numbers (the denominators).

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Multiplying Fractions
Data Geometry Measure Money Numbers Physics More ▼ Activities Dictionary Games Puzzles Worksheets ☰ [imagelink] Multiplying Fractions Multiply the tops, multiply the bottoms. There are 3 simple steps to multiply fractions 1. Multiply the top numbers (the numerators). 2. Multiply the bottom numbers (the denominators). 3. Simplify the fraction if needed. Example: 1 2 × 2 5 Step 1. Multiply the top numbers: 1 2 × 2 5 = 1 × 2

Flashcard 1637666917644

Tags

#fractions

Question

To get the reciprocal of a fraction, just [...]

Answer

turn it upside down.

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Reciprocal of a Fraction
inator We call the top number the Numerator, it is the number of parts we have. We call the bottom number the Denominator, it is the number of parts the whole is divided into. Reciprocal of a Fraction To get the reciprocal of a fraction, just turn it upside down. In other words swap over the Numerator and Denominator. Examples: Fraction Reciprocal 3 8 8 3 5 6 6

Flashcard 1637671111948

Tags

#fractions

Question

There are 3 Simple Steps to Divide Fractions:

Step 1. [...]

Step 2. [...]

Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed)

Answer

Turn the second fraction (the one you want to divide by) upside down

Multiply the first fraction by that reciprocal

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Dividing Fractions
s Data Geometry Measure Money Numbers Physics More ▼ Activities Dictionary Games Puzzles Worksheets ☰ [imagelink] Dividing Fractions Turn the second fraction upside down, then multiply. There are 3 Simple Steps to Divide Fractions: Step 1. Turn the second fraction (the one you want to divide by) upside down (this is now a reciprocal). Step 2. Multiply the first fraction by that reciprocal Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed) Example: Example: 1 2 ÷ 1 6 Step 1. Turn the second fraction upside down (it becomes a reciprocal): 1

Flashcard 1637674257676

Tags

#math

Question

What is the acronym for the order of operations?

Answer

Bodmas

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Flashcard 1637676354828

Tags

#math

Question

What is the O in BODMAS?

Answer

Orders = Exponentes o raices

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Flashcard 1644511759628

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#exponents

Question

Any number raised to 0 (y⁰) = [...]

Answer

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Flashcard 1645933628684

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#statistics

Question

A statistical question requires [...]

Answer

collecting data with variability

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Flashcard 1646654786828

Tags

#vocabulary

Question

[...]

1. adjective extremely complex and difficult to follow.

Answer

convoluted

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convoluted 1 . adjective (especially of an argument, story, or sentence) extremely complex and difficult to follow. "its convoluted narrative encompasses all manner of digressions

Original toplevel document

convoluted+meaning - Buscar con Google
rySearch help Tools Any time Any time Past hour Past 24 hours Past week Past month Past year Custom range... Customised date range From To All results All results Verbatim About 649,000 results (0.47 seconds) Search Results Dictionary con·vo·lut·ed ˈkänvəˌlo͞odəd/ adjective adjective: convoluted 1 . (especially of an argument, story, or sentence) extremely complex and difficult to follow. "its convoluted narrative encompasses all manner of digressions" synonyms: complicated, complex, involved, elaborate, serpentine, labyrinthine, tortuous, tangled, Byzantine; More Rube Goldberg; confused, confusing, bewildering, baffling "his convoluted answers did nothing to help his credibility" antonyms: straightforward 2 . technical intricately folded, twisted, or coiled. "walnuts come in hard and convoluted shells" Origin late 18th century: past participle of convolute, from Latin convolutus, past participle of convolvere ‘roll together, intertwine’ (see convolve). con·vo·lute ˈkänvəˌlo͞ot/ verb p

Flashcard 1646672612620

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#investopedia

Question

To which industries does Antitrust laws apply?

Answer

Virtually all industries

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Antitrust laws are the laws that apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution and marketing. They prohibit a variety of practices that restrain trade. Examples of illegal practices are price-fixing conspiracies, corporate mergers likely to reduce the competitive vigor of partic

Original toplevel document

Antitrust
What is 'Antitrust' Antitrust laws are the laws that apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution and marketing. They prohibit a variety of practices that restrain trade. Examples of illegal practices are price-fixing conspiracies, corporate mergers likely to reduce the competitive vigor of particular markets, and predatory acts designed to achieve or maintain monopoly power. BREAKING DOWN 'Antitrust' Antitrust laws are necessary in an open marketplace. Competition among sellers gives consumers lower prices, higher-quali

Flashcard 1646677069068

Tags

#investopedia

Question

[...] prohibit a variety of practices that restrain trade.

Answer

Antitrust laws

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Antitrust laws prohibit a variety of practices that restrain trade. Examples of illegal practices are price-fixing conspiracies, corporate mergers likely to reduce the competitive vigor of particular

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Flashcard 1647266893068

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Question

Como se ennumeran los cuadrantes en el plano cartesiano?

Answer

El de arriba a la derecha es el 1y va como las manecillas del reloj (abajo der 2, abajo izq 3, arriba izq 4

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Flashcard 1648800697612

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Question

Si elevas un numero negativo a una potencia non que signo tiene el resultado?

Answer

Negativo.

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Flashcard 1648804367628

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#vocab

Question

a confusing and difficult problem or question.

Answer

conundrum

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Flashcard 1648808037644

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Question

A number made by squaring a whole number.

Answer

perfect square

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Flashcard 1648809872652

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Question

16 is a perfect square because [...]

Answer

4² = 16

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Flashcard 1648811707660

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Question

is 25 a perfect square?

Answer

yup

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Flashcard 1648818261260

Question

[...] an expense requires the company to spread the cost of the expenditure over the useful life of the asset.

Answer

capitalizing

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If an expense is a capital expenditure, it needs to be capitalized. This requires the company to spread the cost of the expenditure (the fixed cost) over the useful life of the asset.

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#reading-10-common-probability-distributions

Question

The two basic types of random variables are [...] random variables and [...] random variables.

Answer

discrete

continuous

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Flashcard 1677887933708

Question

Is the correlation unitless?

Answer

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Flashcard 1688278011148

Question

Conspicuous

Answer

standing out so as to be clearly visible. "he was very thin, with a conspicuous Adam's apple"
- attracting notice or attention. "he showed conspicuous bravery"

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conspicuous - Buscar con Google
earch help Tools Any time Any time Past hour Past 24 hours Past week Past month Past year Custom range... Customised date range From To All results All results Verbatim About 26,100,000 results (0.48 seconds) Search Results Dictionary con·spic·u·ous kənˈspikyo͞oəs/ adjective adjective: conspicuous standing out so as to be clearly visible. "he was very thin, with a conspicuous Adam's apple" attracting notice or attention. "he showed conspicuous bravery" synonyms: easily seen, clear, visible, noticeable, discernible, perceptible, detectable; More obvious, manifest, evident, apparent, marked, pronounced, prominent, patent, crystal clear; striking, eye-catching, impactful, overt, blatant; distinct, recognizable, unmistakab

Flashcard 1737445739788

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#cabra-session #reading-sus-straffon

Question

A [...] is an aggregation of one or more portfolios managed according to a similar investment mandate, objective, or strategy.

Answer

composite

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Flashcard 1741722619148

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Question

The primary stakeholder groups of a corporation consist of:

Answer

1. shareholders,
2. creditors,
3. managers (or executives),
4. other employees,
5. board of directors,
6. customers,
7. suppliers, and
8. governments/regulators (and, by extension, affected individuals and community
groups).

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Flashcard 1741726813452

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Question

The main shareholders interest is:

Answer

Shareholder interests are typically focused on growth in corporate profitability that maximizes the value of a company’s equity.

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Flashcard 1742441417996

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Question

Managers and shareholders may have different attitudes towards [...]

Answer

risk.

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person delegating authority, and the agent is the person to whom the authority is delegated. Agency theory offers a way to understand why managers do not always act in the best interests of stakeholders. Managers and shareholders may have different goals. They may also have different attitudes towards risk. Information asymmetry. Managers almost always have more information than shareholders. Thus, it is difficult for shareholders to measure managers' performance or to hold

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Subject 3. Principal-Agent and Other Relationships in Corporate Governance
Shareholder and Manager/Director Relationships Problems can arise in a business relationship when one person delegates decision-making authority to another. The principal is the person delegating authority, and the agent is the person to whom the authority is delegated. Agency theory offers a way to understand why managers do not always act in the best interests of stakeholders. Managers and shareholders may have different goals. They may also have different attitudes towards risk. Information asymmetry. Managers almost always have more information than shareholders. Thus, it is difficult for shareholders to measure managers' performance or to hold them accountable for their performance. Controlling and Minority Shareholder Relationships Ownership structure is one of the main dimensions of corporate governance. For firms with controllin

Flashcard 1742443777292

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Question

Who has more information, Managers or Shareholders?

Answer

Managers almost always have more information than shareholders

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y managers do not always act in the best interests of stakeholders. Managers and shareholders may have different goals. They may also have different attitudes towards risk. Information asymmetry. Managers almost always have more information than shareholders. Thus, it is difficult for shareholders to measure managers' performance or to hold them accountable for their performance. <body><html>

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Flashcard 1742447971596

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Question

[...] offers a way to understand why managers do not always act in the best interests of stakeholders.

Answer

Agency theory

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Problems can arise in a business relationship when one person delegates decision-making authority to another. The principal is the person delegating authority, and the agent is the person to whom the authority is delegated. Agency theory offers a way to understand why managers do not always act in the best interests of stakeholders. Managers and shareholders may have different goals. They may also have different attitudes towards risk. Information asymmetry. Managers a

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Flashcard 1742457146636

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Question

Controlling shareholders may receive special attention from [...] .

Answer

management

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focus on the interests of Class A shareholders. The rights of Class B shareholders may suffer as a consequence of the ownership structure. Minority shareholders have less influence on the board composition than controlling shareholders. Controlling shareholders may receive special attention from management. They are often in the position to facilitate third-party takeovers by splitting the large gains on their own shares with the bidder. <body><html>

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Subject 3. Principal-Agent and Other Relationships in Corporate Governance
; Information asymmetry. Managers almost always have more information than shareholders. Thus, it is difficult for shareholders to measure managers' performance or to hold them accountable for their performance. Controlling and Minority Shareholder Relationships Ownership structure is one of the main dimensions of corporate governance. For firms with controlling shareholders, separation of ownership and control generates a two-level agency problem: between controlling shareholders and management and between minority shareholders and controlling shareholders. The interests of controlling and minority shareholders are often not aligned. For example, if a company has two classes of common shares (dual classes of common equity): Class A shareholders have all the voting rights. Class B shareholders don't have any voting rights. The management team and the board are more likely to focus on the interests of Class A shareholders. The rights of Class B shareholders may suffer as a consequence of the ownership structure. Minority shareholders have less influence on the board composition than controlling shareholders. Controlling shareholders may receive special attention from management. They are often in the position to facilitate third-party takeovers by splitting the large gains on their own shares with the bidder. Manager and Board Relationships This is another example of agency theory (discussed above). Shareholder versus Creditor Interests The

Flashcard 1742578257164

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Question

[...] (unexpected decline in the value of an asset).

Answer

impairment

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ion 3 describes the allocation of the costs of long-lived assets over their useful lives. Section 4 discusses the revaluation model that is based on changes in the fair value of an asset. Section 5 covers the concepts of impairment (unexpected decline in the value of an asset). Section 6 describes accounting for the derecognition of long-lived assets. Section 7 describes financial statement presentation, disclosures, and analysis of long-

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Reading 29 Long-Lived Assets Introduction
e of the cost model versus the revaluation model, unexpected declines in the value of the asset, classification of the asset with respect to intent (for example, held for use or held for sale), and the derecognition of the asset. This reading is organised as follows. Section 2 describes and illustrates accounting for the acquisition of long-lived assets, with particular attention to the impact of capitalizing versus expensing expenditures. Section 3 describes the allocation of the costs of long-lived assets over their useful lives. Section 4 discusses the revaluation model that is based on changes in the fair value of an asset. Section 5 covers the concepts of impairment (unexpected decline in the value of an asset). Section 6 describes accounting for the derecognition of long-lived assets. Section 7 describes financial statement presentation, disclosures, and analysis of long-lived assets. Section 8 discusses differences in financial reporting of investment property compared with property, plant, and equipment. Section 9 describes accounting for leases. A summary is followed by practice problems. <body><html>

Flashcard 1742665813260

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Question

[...] is one of the main dimensions of corporate governance.

Answer

Ownership structure

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Ownership structure is one of the main dimensions of corporate governance. For firms with controlling shareholders, separation of ownership and control generates a two-level agency problem: between control

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Flashcard 1742670007564

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#has-images #introduction #reading-puerquito-verde

Question

[...] states that a company owes a responsibility to a wider group, other than just shareholders.

Answer

Stakeholder theory

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Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory, contrasting Shareholder Theory, states that a company owes a responsibility to a wider group of stakeholders, other than just shareholders. A stakeholder is defined as any person/group which can affect/be affected by the actions of a business. It includes employees, customers, suppliers, creditors and even the wider communi

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Shareholder & Stakeholder Theories Of Corporate Governance
ent dangers involved. The role of shareholder theory can be seen in the demise of corporations such as Enron and Worldcom where continuous pressure on managers to increase returns to shareholders led them to manipulate the company accounts. Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory, on the other hand, states that a company owes a responsibility to a wider group of stakeholders, other than just shareholders. A stakeholder is defined as any person/group which can affect/be affected by the actions of a business. It includes employees, customers, suppliers, creditors and even the wider community and competitors. Edward Freeman, the original proposer of the stakeholder theory, recognised it as an important element of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a concept which recognises the responsibilities of corporations in the world today, whether they be economic, legal, ethical or even philanthropic. Nowadays, some of the world’s largest corporations claim to have CSR at the centre of their corporate strategy. Whilst there are many genuine cases of companies with a “conscience”, many others exploit CSR as a good means of PR to improve their image and reputation but ultimately fail to put their words into action. Recent controversies surrounding the tax affairs of well known companies such as Starbucks, Google and Facebook in the UK have brought stakeholder theory into the spotlight. Whilst the measures adopted by the companies are legal, they are widely seen as unethical as they are utilising loopholes in the British tax system to pay less corporation tax in the UK. The public reaction to Starbucks tax dealings has led them to pledge £10m in taxes in each of the next two years in an attempt to win back customers. Enlightened Shareholder Value - A Happy Medium? Enlightened shareholder value (ESV) states that “corporations should pursue shareholder wealth with a long-run orientation that seeks

Flashcard 1742672366860

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Question

A [...] is defined as any person/group which can affect/be affected by the actions of a business.

Answer

stakeholder

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head><head> Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory, contrasting Shareholder Theory, states that a company owes a responsibility to a wider group of stakeholders, other than just shareholders. A stakeholder is defined as any person/group which can affect/be affected by the actions of a business. It includes employees, customers, suppliers, creditors and even the wider community and competitors. Edward Freeman, the original proposer of the stakeholder theory, recogn

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Flashcard 1743790411020

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Question

[...] prefer that the company pay more out in dividends than [...] would like.

Answer

Shareholders

creditors

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Shareholders also prefer that the company pay more out in dividends than creditors would like.

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Subject 3. Principal-Agent and Other Relationships in Corporate Governance
ontrolling shareholders. Controlling shareholders may receive special attention from management. They are often in the position to facilitate third-party takeovers by splitting the large gains on their own shares with the bidder. Manager and Board Relationships This is another example of agency theory (discussed above). Shareholder versus Creditor Interests These two parties have different relationships to the company, accompanied by different rights and financial returns. For example, shareholders have an incentive to take on riskier projects than creditors do, as creditors are more interested in strategies that will increase the chances of getting their investment back. Shareholders also prefer that the company pay more out in dividends than creditors would like. Other Stakeholder Conflicts There are conflicts among other stakeholders, such as those between: customers and shareholders; customers and suppliers; shareholders and government or regulators. <body><html>

Flashcard 1743793032460

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Question

The [...] theory states that the sole responsibility of business is to increase profits.

Answer

shareholder theory

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Shareholder Theory The shareholder theory was originally proposed by Milton Friedman and it states that the sole responsibility of business is to increase profits. It is based on the premise that management are hired as the agent of the shareholders to run the company for their benefit, and therefore they are legally and morally obligated to serve

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Shareholder & Stakeholder Theories Of Corporate Governance
ined corporate governance as "the system by which companies are directed and controlled." Numerous theories have been proposed on corporate governance best practice, none more popular than the shareholder and stakeholder theories. Shareholder Theory The shareholder theory was originally proposed by Milton Friedman and it states that the sole responsibility of business is to increase profits. It is based on the premise that management are hired as the agent of the shareholders to run the company for their benefit, and therefore they are legally and morally obligated to serve their interests. The only qualification on the rule to make as much money as possible is “conformity to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom.” The shareholder theory is now seen as the historic way of doing business with companies realising that there are disadvantages to concentrating solely on the interests of shareholders. A focus on short term strategy and greater risk taking are just two of the inherent dangers involved. The role of shareholder theory can be seen in the demise of corporations such as Enron and Worldcom where continuous pressure on managers to increase returns to shareholders led them to manipulate the company accounts. Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory, on the other hand, states that a company owes a responsibility to a wider group of stakeholders, other than just shareholders. A stakeholder i

Flashcard 1743824751884

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Question

A [...] is the central pillar of the governance structure

Answer

board of directors

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Composition of the Board of Directors A board of directors is the central pillar of the governance structure, serves as the link between shareholders and managers, and acts as the shareholders' internal monitoring tool within the company. The structure and composition of a boa

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Subject 5. Board of Directors and Committees
Composition of the Board of Directors A board of directors is the central pillar of the governance structure, serves as the link between shareholders and managers, and acts as the shareholders' internal monitoring tool within the company. The structure and composition of a board of directors vary across countries and companies. The number of directors may vary, and the board typically includes a mix of expertise levels, backgrounds, and competencies. Board members must have extensive experience in business, education, the professions and/or public service so they can make informed decisions about the company's future. If directors lack the skills, knowledge and expertise to conduct a meaningful review of the company's activities, and are unable to conduct in-depth evaluations of the issues affecting the company's business, they are more likely to defer to management when making decisions. Executive (internal) directors are employed by the company and are typically members of senior management. Non-executive (external) directors have limited involvement in daily operations but serve an important oversight role. In a classified or staggered board, directors are typically elected in two or more classes, serving terms greater than one year. Proponents argue that by staggering the election of directors, a certain level of continuity and skill is maintained. However, staggered terms make it more difficult for shareholders to make fundamental changes to the composition and behavior of the board and could result in a permanent impairment of long-term shareholder value. Functions and Responsibilities of the Board Two primary duties of a board of directors are duty of care and duty of loyalty. Among other responsibilities, the

Flashcard 1743849131276

Question

Staggered Board of Directors Español

Answer

Junta escalonada de Directores

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https://www.google.com.mx/search?q=staggered%2Bboard%2Bof%2Bdirectors%2Bespa%F1ol&rlz=1C5CHFA_enMX588MX588&oq=staggered%2Bboard%2Bof%2Bdirectors%2Bespa%F1ol&aqs=chrome..69i57.6647j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
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Flashcard 1743869578508

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Question

This reading will focus on [...] and [...] risk as it relates to investment management.

Answer

economic

financial

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This reading will focus on economic and financial risk as it relates to investment management. All businesses and investors manage risk in the choices they make, even if not conciously. Business and investing are about allocating resources and capital to chosen risks

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Reading 40 Risk Management: An Introduction Intro
Risk—and risk management—is an inescapable part of economic activity. People generally manage their affairs in order to be as happy and secure as their environment and resources will allow. But regardless of how carefully these affairs are managed, there is risk because the outcome, whether good or bad, is seldom predictable with complete certainty. There is risk inherent in nearly everything we do, but this reading will focus on economic and financial risk, particularly as it relates to investment management. All businesses and investors manage risk, whether consciously or not, in the choices they make. At its core, business and investing are about allocating resources and capital to chosen risks. In their decision process, within an environment of uncertainty, these entities may take steps to avoid some risks, pursue the risks that provide the highest rewards, and measure and mitigate their exposure to these risks as necessary. Risk management processes and tools make difficult business and financial problems easier to address in an uncertain world. Risk is not just a matter of fate; it is something that organizations can actively control with their decisions, within a risk management framework. Risk is an integral part of the business or investment process. Even in the earliest models of modern portfolio theory, such as mean–variance portfolio optimization and the capital asset pricing model, investment return is linked directly to risk but requires that risk be managed optimally. Proper identification and measurement of risk, and keeping risks aligned with the goals of the enterprise, are key factors in managing businesses and investments. Good risk management results in a higher chance of a preferred outcome—more value for the company or portfolio or more utility for the individual. Portfolio managers need to be familiar with risk management not only to improve the portfolio’s risk–return outcome, but also because of two other ways in which they use risk management at an enterprise level. First, they help to manage their own companies that have their own enterprise risk issues. Second, many portfolio assets are claims on companies that have risks. Portfolio managers need to evaluate the companies’ risks and how those companies are addressing them. This reading takes a broad approach that addresses both the risk management of enterprises in general and portfolio risk management. The principles underlying portfolio risk management are generally applicable to the risk management of financial and non-financial institutions as well. The concept of risk management is also relevant to individuals. Although many large entities formally practice risk management, most individuals practice it more informally and some practice it haphazardly, oftentimes responding to risk events after they occur. Although many individuals do take reasonable precautions against unwanted risks, these precautions are often against obvious risks, such as sticking a wet hand into an electrical socket or swallowing poison. The more subtle risks are often ignored. Many individuals simply do not view risk management as a formal, systematic process that would help them achieve not only their financial goals but also the ultimate end result of happiness, or maximum utility as economists like to call it, but they should. Although the primary focus of this reading is on institutions, we will also cover risk management as it applies to individuals. We will show that many common themes underlie risk management—themes that are applicable to both organizations and individuals. Although often viewed as defensive, risk management is a valuable offensive weapon in the manager’s arsenal. In the quest for preferred outcomes, such as higher profit, returns, or share price, management does not usually get to choose the outcomes but does choose the risks it takes in pursuit of those outcomes. The choice of which risks to undertake through the allocation of its scarce resources is the key tool available to management. An organization with a comprehensive risk management culture in place, in which risk is integral to every key strategy and decision, should perform better in the long-term, in good times and bad, as a result of better decision making. The fact that all businesses and investors engage in risky activities (i.e., activities with uncertain outcomes) raises a number of important questions. The questions that this reading will address include the following: What is risk management, and why is it important? What risks does an organization (or individual) face in pursuing its objectives? How are an entity’s goals affected by risk, and how does it make risk management decisions to produce better results? How does risk governance guide the risk management process and risk budgeting to integrate an organization’s goals with its activities? How does an organization measure and evaluate the risks it faces, and what tools does it have to address these risks? The answers to these questions collectively help to define the process of risk management. This reading is organized along the lines of these questions. Section 2 describes the risk management process, and Section 3 discusses risk governance and risk tolerance. Section 4 cove

Flashcard 1744316796172

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Question

Government policy is ultimately expressed through [...] .

Answer

its borrowing and spending activities

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Government policy is ultimately expressed through its borrowing and spending activities. In this reading, we identify and discuss two types of government policy that can affect the macroeconomy and financial markets: monetary policy and fiscal policy.

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Reading 18 Monetary and Fiscal Policy Introduction
The economic decisions of households can have a significant impact on an economy. For example, a decision on the part of households to consume more and to save less can lead to an increase in employment, investment, and ultimately profits. Equally, the investment decisions made by corporations can have an important impact on the real economy and on corporate profits. But individual corporations can rarely affect large economies on their own; the decisions of a single household concerning consumption will have a negligible impact on the wider economy. By contrast, the decisions made by governments can have an enormous impact on even the largest and most developed of economies for two main reasons. First, the public sectors of most developed economies normally employ a significant proportion of the population, and they are usually responsible for a significant proportion of spending in an economy. Second, governments are also the largest borrowers in world debt markets. Exhibit 1 gives some idea of the scale of government borrowing and spending. Exhibit 1 Panel A. Central Government Debt to GDP, 2009 Panel B. Public Sector Spending to GDP, 2009 Note: All data are for 2009. Source: Thomson Financial. Government policy is ultimately expressed through its borrowing and spending activities. In this reading, we identify and discuss two types of government policy that can affect the macroeconomy and financial markets: monetary policy and fiscal policy. Monetary policy refers to central bank activities that are directed toward influencing the quantity of money and credit in an economy.1 By contrast, fiscal policy refers to the government’s decisions about taxation and spending. Both monetary and fiscal policies are used to regulate economic activity over time. They can be used to accelerate growth when an economy starts to slow or to moderate growth and activity when an economy starts to overheat. In addition, fiscal policy can be used to redistribute income and wealth. The overarching goal of both monetary and fiscal policy is normally the creation of an economic environment where growth is stable and positive and inflation is stable and low. Crucially, the aim is therefore to steer the underlying economy so that it does not experience economic booms that may be followed by extended periods of low or negative growth and high levels of unemployment. In such a stable economic environment, householders can feel secure in their consumption and saving decisions, while corporations can concentrate on their investment decisions, on making their regular coupon payments to their bond holders and on making profits for their shareholders. The challenges to achieving this overarching goal are many. Not only are economies frequently buffeted by shocks (such as oil price jumps), but some economists believe that natural cycles in the economy also exist. Moreover, there are plenty of examples from history where government policies—either monetary, fiscal, or both—have exacerbated an economic expansion that eventually led to damaging consequences for the real economy, for financial markets, and for investors. The balance of the reading is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an introduction to monetary policy and related topics. Section 3 presents fiscal policy. The interact

Flashcard 1744359263500

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Question

Market efficiency concerns the extent to which [...] .

Answer

market prices incorporate available information

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Market efficiency concerns the extent to which market prices incorporate available information. If market prices do not fully incorporate information, then opportunities may exist to make a profit from the gathering and processing of information. The subject of market efficiency i

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Reading 46 Market Efficiency (Intro)
Market efficiency concerns the extent to which market prices incorporate available information. If market prices do not fully incorporate information, then opportunities may exist to make a profit from the gathering and processing of information. The subject of market efficiency is, therefore, of great interest to investment managers, as illustrated in Example 1. EXAMPLE 1 Market Efficiency and Active Manager Selection The chief investment officer (CIO) of a major university endowment fund has listed eight steps in the active manager selection process that can be applied both to traditional investments (e.g., common equity and fixed-income securities) and to alternative investments (e.g., private equity, hedge funds, and real assets). The first step specified is the evaluation of market opportunity: What is the opportunity and why is it there? To answer this question we start by studying capital markets and the types of managers operating within those markets. We identify market inefficiencies and try to understand their causes, such as regulatory structures or behavioral biases. We can rule out many broad groups of managers and strategies by simply determining that the degree of market inefficiency necessary to support a strategy is implausible. Importantly, we consider the past history of active returns meaningless unless we understand why markets will allow those active returns to continue into the future.1 The CIO’s description underscores the importance of not assuming that past active returns that might be found in a historical dataset will repeat themselves in the future. Active returns refer to returns earned by strategies that do not assume that all information is fully reflected in market prices. Governments and market regulators also care about the extent to which market prices incorporate information. Efficient markets imply informative prices—prices that accurately reflect available information about fundamental values. In market-based economies, market prices help determine which companies (and which projects) obtain capital. If these prices do not efficiently incorporate information about a company’s prospects, then it is possible that funds will be misdirected. By contrast, prices that are informative help direct scarce resources and funds available for investment to their highest-valued uses.2 Informative prices thus promote economic growth. The efficiency of a country’s capital markets (in which businesses raise financing) is an important characteristic of a well-functioning financial system. The remainder of this reading is organized as follows. Section 2 provides specifics on how the efficiency of an asset market is described and discusses the factors affectin

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Question

What is the central pillar of governance Structure?

Answer

A board of directors is the central pillar of the governance structure

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A board of directors is the central pillar of the governance structure, serves as the link between shareholders and managers, and acts as the shareholders' internal monitoring tool within the company.

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Question

[...] directors are employed by the company and are typically members of senior management.

Answer

Executive (internal)

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Executive (internal) directors are employed by the company and are typically members of senior management. Non-executive (external) directors have limited involvement in daily operations but serve an import

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Question

[...] directors have limited involvement in daily operations but serve an important oversight role.

Answer

Non-executive (external)

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Question

[...] theory is concerned with resolving problems that can exist between stakeholders due to unaligned goals or different aversion levels to risk.

Answer

Agency

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The agency theory is a supposition that explains the relationship between principals and agents in business. Agency theory is concerned with resolving problems that can exist in agency relationships due to unaligned goals or different aversion levels to risk. The most common agency relationship in finance occurs between shareholders (principal) and company executives (agents).

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Agency Theory
What is the 'Agency Theory' The agency theory is a supposition that explains the relationship between principals and agents in business. Agency theory is concerned with resolving problems that can exist in agency relationships due to unaligned goals or different aversion levels to risk. The most common agency relationship in finance occurs between shareholders (principal) and company executives (agents). BREAKING DOWN 'Agency Theory' Agency theory addresses problems that arise due to differences between the goals or desires between the principal and a

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Question

Two primary duties of a board of directors are [...] and [...] .

Answer

duty of care

duty of loyalty

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Two primary duties of a board of directors are duty of care and duty of loyalty. Among other responsibilities, the board is to: establish long-term strategic objectives for the company with a goal of ensuring that the best interests of

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Subject 5. Board of Directors and Committees
maintained. However, staggered terms make it more difficult for shareholders to make fundamental changes to the composition and behavior of the board and could result in a permanent impairment of long-term shareholder value. Functions and Responsibilities of the Board Two primary duties of a board of directors are duty of care and duty of loyalty. Among other responsibilities, the board is to: establish long-term strategic objectives for the company with a goal of ensuring that the best interests of shareholders come first and that the company's obligations to others are met in a timely and complete manner. establish clear lines of responsibility and a strong system of accountability and performance measurement in all phases of a company's operations. hire the chief executive officer, determine the compensation package, and periodically evaluate the officer's performance. ensure that management has supplied the board with sufficient information for it to be fully informed and prepared to make the decision that are its responsibility, and to be able to adequately monitor and oversee the company's management. Board of Directors Committees A company's board of directors typically has several committees that are responsible for specific functions and report to

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Question

[...] is the analysis of a specific branch of manufacturing, service, or trade.

Answer

Industry analysis

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Industry analysis is the analysis of a specific branch of manufacturing, service, or trade. Understanding the industry in which a company operates provides an essential framework for the analysis of the individual company—that is, company analysis . Equity analysis and credit

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Reading 48 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis (Intro)
Industry analysis is the analysis of a specific branch of manufacturing, service, or trade. Understanding the industry in which a company operates provides an essential framework for the analysis of the individual company—that is, company analysis . Equity analysis and credit analysis are often conducted by analysts who concentrate on one or several industries, which results in synergies and efficiencies in gathering and interpreting information. Among the questions we address in this reading are the following: What are the similarities and differences among industry classification systems? How does an analyst go about choosing a peer group of companies? What are the key factors to consider when analyzing an industry? What advantages are enjoyed by companies in strategically well-positioned industries? After discussing the uses of industry analysis in the next section, Sections 3 and 4 discuss, respectively, approaches to identifying similar companies and industry

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Question

Stakeholder relationships and corporate governance are continually shaped and influenced by a variety of [...] and [...] factors.

Answer

Market

Non-Market

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Stakeholder relationships and corporate governance are continually shaped and influenced by a variety of market and non-market factors.

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Question

This reading talks about the risk management of [...] and [...] risk management.

Answer

enterprises in general

portfolio

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This reading takes talks about the risk management of enterprises in general and portfolio risk management . The principles underlying portfolio risk management are generally applicable to the risk management of financial and non-financial institutions as well.

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Question

Does the concept of risk management apply to companies and portfolios only?

Answer

No, it also applies to individuals.

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The concept of risk management applies to individuals. Although many large entities formally practice risk management, most individuals practice it informally and disorderly, oftentimes responding to risk events after they occur, and they i

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Question

Misleading practices included:

[...] : Only the results for profitable time periods are reflected.

Answer

Varying Time Periods

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Misleading practices included: Varying Time Periods : Presenting performance for a selected time period during which the mandate produced excellent returns or out-performed its benchmark—making comparison with other firms’ results diffic

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Reading 4 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®)
nvestment performance data. Several performance measurement practices hindered the comparability of performance returns from one firm to another, while others called into question the accuracy and credibility of performance reporting overall. Misleading practices included: Representative Accounts: Selecting a top-performing portfolio to represent the firm’s overall investment results for a specific mandate. Survivorship Bias: Presenting an “average” performance history that excludes portfolios whose poor performance was weak enough to result in termination of the firm. Varying Time Periods: Presenting performance for a selected time period during which the mandate produced excellent returns or out-performed its benchmark—making comparison with other firms’ results difficult or impossible. Making a valid comparison of investment performance among even the most ethical investment management firms was problematic. For example, a pension fund seeking to

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Question

Both [...] and [...] factors influence working capital needs

Answer

internal

external

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Both internal and external factors influence working capital needs

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Reading 38 Working Capital Management Intro
and collecting on this credit, managing inventory, and managing payables. Effective working capital management also requires reliable cash forecasts, as well as current and accurate information on transactions and bank balances. Both internal and external factors influence working capital needs; we summarize them in Exhibit 1. Exhibit 1. Internal and External Factors That Affect Working Capital Needs Internal Factors External Factors Company size and growth rates Organizational structure Sophistication of working capital management Borrowing and investing positions/activities/capacities Banking services Interest rates New technologies and new products The economy Competitors The scope of working capital management includes transactions, relations, analyses, and focus: Transactions include payments for trade, financing, and investment. Relations with financial institutions and trading partners must be maintained to ensure that the transactions work effectively. Analyses of working capital management activities are required so that appropriate strategies can be formulated and implemented. Focus requires that organizations of all sizes today must have a global viewpoint with strong emphasis on liquidity. In this reading, we examine the different types of working capital and the management issues associated with each. We also look at methods of evaluating the effectiveness of working capital management. <body><html>

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Question

Creditors are most commonly [...] and [...]

Answer

bondholders

banks

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Creditors, most commonly bondholders and banks, are a company’s lenders and the providers of debt financing. Creditors do not hold voting power (unlike common shareholders) and typically have limited influence over a compa

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3.1.2 Creditors Creditors, most commonly bondholders and banks, are a company’s lenders and the providers of debt financing. Creditors do not hold voting power (unlike common shareholders) and typically have limited influence over a company’s operations. 3.1.3 Managers and Employees Senior executives and other high level managers are normally compensated through salary, bonuses, equity based remuneration (or compen

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Question

Global investors must address two fundamentally interrelated questions: [...] and [...]

Answer

where to invest and in what asset classes?

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Global investors must address two fundamentally interrelated questions: where to invest and in what asset classes? Some countries may be attractive from an equity perspective because of their strong economic growth and the profitability of particular domestic sectors or industries. Other countries m

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Reading 19 International Trade and Capital Flows Introduction
Global investors must address two fundamentally interrelated questions: where to invest and in what asset classes? Some countries may be attractive from an equity perspective because of their strong economic growth and the profitability of particular domestic sectors or industries. Other countries may be attractive from a fixed income perspective because of their interest rate environment and price stability. To identify markets that are expected to provide attractive investment opportunities, investors must analyze cross-country differences in such factors as expected GDP growth rates, monetary and fiscal policies, trade policies, and competitiveness. From a longer term perspective investors also need to consider such factors as a country’s stage of economic and financial market development, demographics, quality and quantity of physical and human capital (accumulated education and training of workers), and its area(s) of comparative advantage.1 This reading provides a framework for analyzing a country’s trade and capital flows and their economic implications. International trade can facilitate economic growth by increasing the efficiency of resource allocation, providing access to larger capital and product markets, and facilitating specialization based on comparative advantage. The flow of financial capital (funds available for investment) between countries with excess savings and those where financial capital is scarce can increase liquidity, raise output, and lower the cost of capital. From an investment perspective, it is important to understand the complex and dynamic nature of international trade and capital flows because investment opportunities are increasingly exposed to the forces of global competition for markets, capital, and ideas. This reading is organized as follows. Section 2 defines basic terminology used in the reading and describes patterns and trends in international trade and capital flows. It also discusses the benefits of international trade, distinguishes between absolute and comparative advantage, and explains two traditional models of comparative advantage. Section 3 describes trade restrictions and their implications and discusses the motivation for, and advantages of, trade agreements. Section 4 describes the balance of payments and Section 5 discusses the function and objectives of international organizations that facilitate trade. A summary of key points and practice problems conclude the reading.

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Question

Manufacturers typically classify inventory into three different categories: [...], [...] , and [...]

Answer

raw materials

work in progress

finished goods.

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ady for sale, from manufacturers and thus account for only one type of inventory—finished goods inventory. Manufacturers, however, purchase raw materials from suppliers and then add value by transforming the raw materials into finished goods. They typically classify inventory into three different categories: raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Work-in-progress inventories have started the conversion process from raw materials but are not yet finished goods ready for sale. Manufacturers may report either the separate carrying

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Reading 28 Inventories Introduction
Merchandising and manufacturing companies generate revenues and profits through the sale of inventory. Further, inventory may represent a significant asset on these companies’ balance sheets. Merchandisers (wholesalers and retailers) purchase inventory, ready for sale, from manufacturers and thus account for only one type of inventory—finished goods inventory. Manufacturers, however, purchase raw materials from suppliers and then add value by transforming the raw materials into finished goods. They typically classify inventory into three different categories: raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Work-in-progress inventories have started the conversion process from raw materials but are not yet finished goods ready for sale. Manufacturers may report either the separate carrying amounts of their raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods inventories on the balance sheet or simply the total inventory amount. If the latter approach is used, the company must then disclose the carrying amounts of its raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods inventories in a footnote to the financial statements. Inventories and cost of sales (cost of goods sold)3 are significant items in the financial statements of many companies. Comparing the performance of these companies is challenging because of the allowable choices for valuing inventories: Differences in the choice of inventory valuation method can result in significantly different amounts being assigned to inventory and cost of sales. Financial statement analysis would be much easier if all companies used the same inventory valuation method or if inventory price levels remained constant over time. If there was no inflation or deflation with respect to inventory costs and thus unit costs were unchanged, the choice of inventory valuation method would be irrelevant. However, inventory price levels typically do change over time. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) permit the assignment of inventory costs (costs of goods available for sale) to inventories and cost of sales by three cost formulas: specific identification, first-in, first-out (FIFO), and weighted average cost.4 US generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) allow the same three inventory valuation methods, referred to as cost flow assumptions in US GAAP, but also include a fourth method called last-in, first-out (LIFO).5 The choice of inventory valuation method affects the allocation of the cost of goods available for sale to ending inventory and cost of sales. Analysts must understand the various inventory valuation methods and the related impact on financial statements and financial ratios in order to evaluate a company’s performance over time and relative to industry peers. The company’s financial statements and related notes provide important information that the analyst can use in assessing the impact of the choice of inventory valuation method on financial statements and financial ratios. This reading is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the costs that are included in inventory and the costs that are recognised as expenses in the period in which they

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Question

Non-Market Factors

These factors include the [...] the media, and the corporate governance industry itself.

Answer

legal environment,

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Non-Market Factors These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the corporate governance industry itself.

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Subject 6. Factors Affecting Stakeholder Relationships and Corporate Governance
on for the use of various anti-takeover defenses should rest on the support of the majority of shareholders and on the demonstration that preservation of the integrity of the company is in the long-term interests of shareholders. Non-Market Factors These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the corporate governance industry itself. <body><html>

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Question

Non-Market Factors

These factors include the legal environment, [...], and the corporate governance industry itself.

Answer

the media

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Non-Market Factors These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the corporate governance industry itself.

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Question

Non-Market Factors

These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the [...].

Answer

corporate governance industry itself

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Non-Market Factors These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the corporate governance industry itself.

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Question

Hypothesis testing is part of [...], the process of making judgments about a larger group (a population) on the basis of a smaller group actually observed (a sample).

Answer

statistical inference

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Hypothesis testing is part of statistical inference, the process of making judgments about a larger group (a population) on the basis of a smaller group actually observed (a sample).

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Reading 12 Hypothesis Testing Intro
Analysts often confront competing ideas about how financial markets work. Some of these ideas develop through personal research or experience with markets; others come from interactions with colleagues; and many others appear in the professional literature on finance and investments. In general, how can an analyst decide whether statements about the financial world are probably true or probably false? When we can reduce an idea or assertion to a definite statement about the value of a quantity, such as an underlying or population mean, the idea becomes a statistically testable statement or hypothesis. The analyst may want to explore questions such as the following: Is the underlying mean return on this mutual fund different from the underlying mean return on its benchmark? Did the volatility of returns on this stock change after the stock was added to a stock market index? Are a security’s bid-ask spreads related to the number of dealers making a market in the security? Do data from a national bond market support a prediction of an economic theory about the term structure of interest rates (the relationship between yield and maturity)? To address these questions, we use the concepts and tools of hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing is part of statistical inference, the process of making judgments about a larger group (a population) on the basis of a smaller group actually observed (a sample). The concepts and tools of hypothesis testing provide an objective means to gauge whether the available evidence supports the hypothesis. After a statistical test of a hypothesis we should have a clearer idea of the probability that a hypothesis is true or not, although our conclusion always stops short of certainty. Hypothesis testing has been a powerful tool in the advancement of investment knowledge and science. As Robert L. Kahn of the Institute for Social Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan) has written, “The mill of science grinds only when hypothesis and data are in continuous and abrasive contact.” The main emphases of this reading are the framework of hypothesis testing and tests concerning mean and variance, two quantities frequently used in investments. We give an

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Question

[...] encompasses a range of strategies that may be used by shareholders seeking to compel a company to act in a desired manner.

Answer

Shareholder activism

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Shareholder activism encompasses a range of strategies that may be used by shareholders seeking to compel a company to act in a desired manner. It can take any of several forms: proxy battles, public campaigns, shareholder resolutions, litigation, and negotiations with management.

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Subject 6. Factors Affecting Stakeholder Relationships and Corporate Governance
Stakeholder relationships and corporate governance are continually shaped and influenced by a variety of market and non-market factors. Market Factors Shareholder engagement involves a company's interactions with its shareholders. It can provide benefits that include building support against short-term activist investors, countering negative recommendations from proxy advisory firms, and receiving greater support for management's position. Shareholder activism encompasses a range of strategies that may be used by shareholders seeking to compel a company to act in a desired manner. It can take any of several forms: proxy battles, public campaigns, shareholder resolutions, litigation, and negotiations with management. Corporate takeovers can happen in different ways: proxy contest or proxy fight, tender offer, hostile takeover, etc. The justification for the use of various anti-takeover defenses should rest on the support of the majority of shareholders and on the demonstration that preservation of the integrity of the company is in the long-term interests of shareholders. Non-Market Factors These factors include the legal environment, the media, and the corporate governance industry itself.

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Question

[...] can take any of several forms: proxy battles, public campaigns, shareholder resolutions, litigation, and negotiations with management.

Answer

Shareholder activism

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Question

Monetary policy refers to government or central bank activities that are directed toward influencing the [...] in an economy.

Answer

quantity of money and credit

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Monetary policy refers to government or central bank activities that are directed toward influencing the quantity of money and credit in an economy.

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2. Monetary Policy
As stated above, monetary policy refers to government or central bank activities that are directed toward influencing the quantity of money and credit in an economy. Before we can begin to understand how monetary policy is implemented, we must examine the functions and role of money . We can then explore the special role that central banks play i

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Question

The practice of lending customers’ money to others on the assumption that not all customers will want all of their money back at any one time is known as [...]

Answer

fractional reserve banking

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The practice of lending customers’ money to others on the assumption that not all customers will want all of their money back at any one time is known as fractional reserve banking

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Money
3; acts as a medium of exchange; provides individuals with a way of storing wealth; and provides society with a convenient measure of value and unit of account. 2.1.2. Paper Money and the Money Creation Process Although precious metals like gold and silver fulfilled the required functions of money relatively well for many years, and although carrying gold coins around was easier than carrying around one’s physical produce, it was not necessarily a safe way to conduct business. A crucial development in the history of money was the promissory note . The process began when individuals began leaving their excess gold with goldsmiths, who would look after it for them. In turn the goldsmiths would give the depositors a receipt, stating how much gold they had deposited. Eventually these receipts were traded directly for goods and services, rather than there being a physical transfer of gold from the goods buyer to the goods seller. Of course, both the buyer and seller had to trust the goldsmith because the goldsmith had all the gold and the goldsmith’s customers had only pieces of paper. These depository receipts represented a promise to pay a certain amount of gold on demand. This paper money therefore became a proxy for the precious metals on which they were based, that is, they were directly related to a physical commodity. Many of these early goldsmiths evolved into banks, taking in excess wealth and in turn issuing promissory notes that could be used in commerce. In taking in other people’s gold and issuing depository receipts and later promissory notes, it became clear to the goldsmiths and early banks that not all the gold that they held in their vaults would be withdrawn at any one time. Individuals were willing to buy and sell goods and services with the promissory notes, but the majority of the gold that backed the notes just sat in the vaults—although its ownership would change with the flow of commerce over time. A certain proportion of the gold that was not being withdrawn and used directly for commerce could therefore be lent to others at a rate of interest. By doing this, the early banks created money. The process of money creation is a crucial concept for understanding the role that money plays in an economy. Its potency depends on the amount of money that banks keep in reserve to meet the withdrawals of its customers. This practice of lending customers’ money to others on the assumption that not all customers will want all of their money back at any one time is known as fractional reserve banking . We can illustrate how it works through a simple example. Suppose that the bankers in an economy come to the view that they need to retain only 10 percent of any money deposited with them. This is known as the reserve requirement .2 Now consider what happens when a customer deposits €100 in the First Bank of Nations. This deposit changes the balance sheet of First Bank of Nations, as shown in Exhibit 2, and it represents a liability to the bank because it is effectively loaned to the bank by the customer. By lending 90 percent of this deposit to another customer the bank has two types of assets: (1) the bank’s reserves of €10, and (2) the loan equivalent to €90. Notice that the balance sheet still balances; €100 worth of assets and €100 worth of liabilities are on the balance sheet. Now suppose that the recipient of the loan of €90 uses this money to purchase some goods of this value and the seller of the goods deposits this €90 in another bank, the Second Bank of Nations. The Second Bank of Nations goes through the same process; it retains €9 in reserve and loans 90 percent of the deposit (€81) to another customer. This customer in turn spends €81 on some goods or services. The recipient of this money deposits it at the Third Bank of Nations, and so on. This example shows how money is created when a bank makes a loan. Exhibit 2. Money Creation via Fractional Reserve Banking First Bank of Nations Assets Liabilities Reserves €10 Deposits €100 Loans €90 Second Bank of Nations Assets Liabilities Reserves €9 Deposits €90 Loans €81 Third Bank of Nations Assets Liabilities Reserves €8.1 Deposits €81 Loans €72.9 This process continues until there is no more money left to be deposited and loaned out. The total amount of money ‘created’ from this one deposit of €100 can be calculated as: Equation (1) New deposit/Reserve requirement = €100/0.10 = €1,000 It is the sum of all the deposits now in the banking system. You should also note that the original deposit of €100, via the practice of reserve banking, was the catalyst for €1,000 worth of economic transactions. That is not to say that economic growth would be zero without this process, but instead that it can be an important component in economic activity. The amount of money that the banking system creates through the practice of fractional reserve banking is a function of 1 divided by the reserve requirement, a quantity known as the money multiplier .3 In the case just examined, the money multiplier is 1/0.10 = 10. Equation 1 implies that the smaller the reserve requirement, the greater the money multiplier effect. In our simplistic example, we assumed that the banks themselves set their own reserve requirements. However, in some economies, the central bank sets the reserve requirement, which is a potential means of affecting money growth. In any case, a prudent bank would be wise to have sufficient reserves such that the withdrawal demands of their depositors can be met in stressful economic and credit market conditions. Later, when we discuss central banks and central bank policy, we will see how central banks can use the mechanism just described to affect the money supply. Specifically, the central bank could, by purchasing €100 in government securities credited to the bank account of the seller, seek to initiate an increase in the money supply. The central bank may also lend reserves directly to banks, creating excess reserves (relative to any imposed or self-imposed reserve requirement) that can support new loans and money expansion. 2.1.3. Definitions of Money The process of money creation raises a fundamental issue: What is money? In an economy with money but without promisso

Flashcard 1750440742156

Tags

#has-images #puerquito-session #reading-puerquito-verde #stakeholder-management-mechanisms

Question

What serves as a link between shareholders and managers?

Answer

A board of directors

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A board of directors , which serves as a link between shareholders and managers, acts as the shareholders' monitoring tool within the company.

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Subject 4. Stakeholder Management
groups and on that basis managing the company's relationships with stakeholders. The framework of corporate governance and stakeholder management reflects a legal, contractual, organizational, and governmental infrastructure. Mechanisms of Stakeholder Management Mechanisms of stakeholder management may include: • General meetings. o The right to participate in general shareholder meetings is a fundamental shareholder right. Shareholders, especially minority shareholders, should have the opportunity to ask questions of the board, to place items on the agenda and to propose resolutions, to vote on major corporate matters and transactions, and to participate in key corporate governance decisions, such as the nomination and election of board members. o Shareholders should be able to vote in person or in absentia, and equal consideration should be given to votes cast in person or in absentia. A board of directors, which serves as a link between shareholders and managers, acts as the shareholders' monitoring tool within the company. The audit function. It plays a critical role in ensuring the corporation's financial integrity and consideration of legal and compliance issues. The primary objective is to ensure that the financial information reported by the company to shareholders is complete, accurate, reliable, relevant, and timely. Company reporting and transparency. It helps reduce of information asymmetry and agency costs. Related-party transactions. Related-party transactions involve buying, selling, and other transactions with board members, managers, employees, family members, and so on. They can create an inherent conflict of interest. Policies should be established to disclose, mitigate, and manage such transactions. Remuneration policies. Does the company's remuneration strategy reward long-term or short-term growth? Are equity-based compensation plans linked to the long-term performance of the company? o Say on pay is the ability of shareholders in a company to actively vote on how much executives employed by the company should be compensated. Contractual agreements with creditors; indentures, covenants, collaterals and credit committees are tools used by creditors to protect their interests. Employee laws, contracts, codes of ethics and business conduct, and compliance offer(s) are all means a company can use to manage its relationship with its employees. Contractual agreements with customers and suppliers. Laws and regulations a company must follow to protect the rights of specific groups. <body><html>

Flashcard 1750831336716

Tags

#cabra-session #ethics #ethics-and-professionalism #has-images #reading-rene-toussaint

Question

A profession may adopt [...] to enhance and clarify the code of ethics.

Answer

standards of conduct

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A profession may adopt standards of conduct to enhance and clarify the code of ethics.

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Subject 2. Ethics and Professionalism
ected behaviors of its members. generates confidence not only among members of the organization but also among non-members (clients, prospective clients, and/or the general public). A profession may adopt standards of conduct to enhance and clarify the code of ethics. <body><html>

Flashcard 1750867512588

Tags

#cabra-session #ethical-vs-legal-standards #ethics #has-images #reading-rene-toussaint

Question

[...] are not always the best mechanism to reduce unethical behavior.

Answer

Laws and regulations

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Laws and regulations are not always the best mechanism to reduce unethical behavior. They often lag behind current circumstances; legal standards are often created to address past ethical failings and do not provide guidance for an evolving and increasingly complex worl

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Subject 5. Ethical vs. Legal Standards
but they are not always the same. Some legal behaviors are not considered ethical. Some ethical behaviors may not be legal in certain countries. Laws and regulations are not always the best mechanism to reduce unethical behavior. They often lag behind current circumstances; legal standards are often created to address past ethical failings and do not provide guidance for an evolving and increasingly complex world. In addition, new laws designed to reduce or eliminate conduct that adversely affects the markets can create opportunities for different but similarly problematic conduct. Investment professionals should act beyond legal standards, making good judgments and responsible choices even in the absence of clear laws or rules.

Flashcard 1750906047756

Tags

#has-images #introduction #pie-de-cabra-session #reading-molo

Question

What are the Internal factors that affect Working Capital needs?

Answer

Company size and growth rates

Organizational structure

Sophistication of working capital management

Borrowing and investing positions/activities/capacities

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Company size and growth rates Organizational structure Sophistication of working capital management Borrowing and investing positions/activities/capacities

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Flashcard 1750912077068

Tags

#has-images #introduction #pie-de-cabra-session #reading-molo

Question

What are the External Factors Affecting Working Capital Needs?

BINCE

Answer

Banking services
Interest rates
New technologies and products
Competitors
Economy

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Banking services Interest rates New technologies and products Competitors Economy

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Flashcard 1750963719436

Tags

#esg-considerations-for-investors #has-images #puerquito-session #reading-puerquito-verde

Question

What are the ESG Implementation Methods?

Answer

Negative screening
Positive screening

Impact investing
Thematic investing

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ESG Implementation Methods Asset managers and asset owners can incorporate ESG issues into the investment process in a variety of ways. Negative screening is a type of investment strategy that excludes certain companies or sectors from investment consideration because of their underlying business activities or other environmental or social concerns. Positive screening and best-in-class strategies focus on investments with favorable ESG aspects. Thematic investing focuses on a single factor, such as energy efficiency or climate change. Impact investing strategies are targeted investments, typically made in private markets, aimed at solving social or environmental problems.

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Subject 9. ESG Considerations for Investors
d adherence to environmental safety and regulatory standards. Social factors generally pertain to human rights and welfare concerns in the workplace, product development, and, in some cases, community impact. ESG Implementation Methods Asset managers and asset owners can incorporate ESG issues into the investment process in a variety of ways. Negative screening is a type of investment strategy that excludes certain companies or sectors from investment consideration because of their underlying business activities or other environmental or social concerns. Positive screening and best-in-class strategies focus on investments with favorable ESG aspects. Thematic investing focuses on a single factor, such as energy efficiency or climate change. Impact investing strategies are targeted investments, typically made in private markets, aimed at solving social or environmental problems. <body><html>

Flashcard 1751030828300

Tags

#essay-tubes-session #has-images #reading-max

Question

The first issue in accounting for a long-lived asset is determining its [...].

Answer

cost at acquisition

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The first issue in accounting for a long-lived asset is determining its cost at acquisition. The second issue is how to allocate the cost to expense over time.

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Reading 29 Long-Lived Assets Introduction
Long-lived assets , also referred to as non-current assets or long-term assets, are assets that are expected to provide economic benefits over a future period of time, typically greater than one year.1 Long-lived assets may be tangible, intangible, or financial assets. Examples of long-lived tangible assets, typically referred to as property, plant, and equipment and sometimes as fixed assets, include land, buildings, furniture and fixtures, machinery and equipment, and vehicles; examples of long-lived intangible assets (assets lacking physical substance) include patents and trademarks; and examples of long-lived financial assets include investments in equity or debt securities issued by other companies. The scope of this reading is limited to long-lived tangible and intangible assets (hereafter, referred to for simplicity as long-lived assets). The first issue in accounting for a long-lived asset is determining its cost at acquisition. The second issue is how to allocate the cost to expense over time. The costs of most long-lived assets are capitalised and then allocated as expenses in the profit or loss (income) statement over the period of time during which they are expected to provide economic benefits. The two main types of long-lived assets with costs that are typically not allocated over time are land, which is not depreciated, and those intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Additional issues that arise are the treatment of subsequent costs incurred related to the asset, the use of the cost model versus the revaluation model, unexpected declines in the value of the asset, classification of the asset with respect to intent (for example, held for use or held for sale), and the derecognition of the asset. This reading is organised as follows. Section 2 describes and illustrates accounting for the acquisition of long-lived assets, with particular attention to the impact of ca

Flashcard 1751033187596

Tags

#essay-tubes-session #has-images #reading-max

Question

The first issue in accounting for a long-lived asset is determining its cost at acquisition. The second issue is how to [...].

Answer

allocate the cost to expense over time

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The first issue in accounting for a long-lived asset is determining its cost at acquisition. The second issue is how to allocate the cost to expense over time.

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Flashcard 1751310011660

Tags

#analyst-notes #has-images #money #reading-agustin-carsten

Question

Monetary policy refers to central bank activities to [...].

Answer

control the supply of money

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Monetary policy refers to central bank activities to control the supply of money.

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Subject 1. What is Money?
Fiscal policy refers to the use of government expenditure, tax, and borrowing activities to achieve economic goals. Monetary policy refers to central bank activities to control the supply of money. Their goals are maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. The Functions of Money Money performs three basic functions. • It serves as a medium of exchange to buy and sell goods and services. Money simplif

Flashcard 1751333080332

Tags

#has-images #microscopio-session #reading-mano

Question

Microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: [...] and [...]

Answer

consumers (or households)

firms.

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Microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: consumers (or households) and firms.

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Reading 14 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
In a general sense, economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption and can be divided into two broad areas of study: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with aggregate economic quantities, such as national output and national income, and is rooted in microeconomics , which deals with markets and decision making of individual economic units, including consumers and businesses. Microeconomics is a logical starting point for the study of economics. Microeconomics classifies private economic units into two groups: consumers (or households) and firms. These two groups give rise, respectively, to the theory of the consumer and the theory of the firm as two branches of study. The theory of the consumer deals with consumption (the demand for goods and services) by utility-maximizing individuals (i.e., individuals who make decisions that maximize the satisfaction received from present and future consumption). The theory of the firm deals with the supply of goods and services by profit-maximizing firms. It is expected that candidates will be familiar with the basic concepts of demand and supply. This material is covered in detail in the recommended prerequisite readings. I

Annotation 3808940920076

#Branding

Anyone can say that they’re the best. Instead, use case studies to show them. By demonstrating a successful track record for your own agency, and the successes of your existing customers, you will have evidence that you can get the job done.

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Annotation 3808953765132

#Branding

When developing your content strategy, ask yourself:

Is this topic interesting to the target persona?
Does this piece address their pain points?
Is this the format in which they like to consume their content?
Do they trust the way you’re presenting or are they unsure whether they should click?
Is this tone appropriate for the subject matter and reader?
Does this content have a purpose?

You should be answering “Yes” to all of those questions before you publish something.

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Annotation 3814931172620

#Branding

Online, a brand has the ability to know enough about their customer’s history that they can automatically create segmented, personalized experiences for them. If, for example, a customer bought three fly fishing rods from a sporting goods website, that should inform the types content you provide, which pages and products you show them, and which special offers you email them.

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data-bubo-id="temp-selection">Online, a brand has the ability – nay, the obligation – to know enough about their customer’s history that they can automatically create segmented, personalized experiences for them. If, for example, a customer bought three fly fishing rods from a sporting goods website, that should inform the types content you provide, which pages and products you show them, and which special offers you email them. This is why it’s so important, when creating an inbound marketing campaign, to make sure that your site provides: 1) lots of content, and 2) targeted content. Providing content on a wid

Annotation 3842619084044

“SISTEMAS ECONÓMICOS”

#2da-unidad-sistemas-economicos #Economia-y-Derecho

Objetivo particular.-

En este capítulo el alumno encontrará las bases teóricas y los principales criterios de organización económica, de manera que identifique las alternativas de política económica que pueden seguir los gobiernos del mundo, identificando al tiempo sus fortalezas y debilidades.

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Annotation 3842629831948

“Comercio Exterior”

#5ta-comercio-exterior #Economia-y-Derecho

Objetivo Particular.-

En este capítulo se presentarán al alumno una visión sobre el entorno económico de la comunidad mundial, la interrelación en el actuar económico de los países y la orientación del mundo contemporáneo.

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Annotation 3851510222092

B).- Las manifestaciones escolásticas de la Edad Media.

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho

Procurando desempeñar el papel social que le era atribuido, la iglesia, desde la alta edad media formuló una línea propia del pensamiento económico cuyo objetivo era el de reducir el alcance de la debilitada producción y proteger a los consumidores.

La iglesia no condenaba el comercio en sí, sino los abusos que podría sobrevenir de él.

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Annotation 3851527523596

C).- El Mercantilismo:

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho #diap-60

Pensadores En Francia:

Jean Bodin
Antoine de Montchrétien
John Law
Richard Cantillon
Jean Baptiste Colbert

Colbert, se destacó como ministro de finanzas de Luis XIV, desarrolló una política interna de autosuficiencia, y orientó el comercio exterior a obtener de las otras naciones pagos en lingotes de metales preciosos.

Tal fue su participación en los negocios que al mercantilismo francés se le denomina Colbertismo

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Annotation 3851529358604

C).- El Mercantilismo:

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho #diap-61

Pensadores En Inglaterra:

El mercantilismo comercial adoptó también las mismas características que en Francia:

Gerald de Maynes,
Thomas Mun
Thomas Culpepper

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Annotation 3851531193612

C).- El Mercantilismo: Pensadores

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho #has-images

Thomas Mun

Expuso y defendió lo siguiente:

"El camino normal para aumentar la riqueza y el poder nacional, es mediante el comercio exterior observándose la siguiente regla: vender a los extranjeros, de lo que ellos consumen en valor".

Abogaba porque:

Las exportaciones se gravaran con impuestos moderados
Las importacionescon impuestos cerdos.

Thomas Mun fue un economista inglés llamado el último de los primeros mercantilistas. Fue uno de los primeros en reconocer la exportación de servicios o de los artículos invisibles, como el comercio valioso, e hizo declaraciones tempranas de fuerte apoyo al capitalismo.

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Annotation 3851533028620

C).- El Mercantilismo:

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho

Pensadores en Alemania

El Mercantilismo fue subdenominado cameralismo. Sus pensadores eran defensores del Estado absolutista y nacionalistas fervientes, creían que el comercio exterior orientado para obtener superávits, constituía la base para la formación del Estado fuerte y soberano.

sus principales expositores:

Ludwing Von Seckendorff
Johann Joachim, Becher
Philip Wilhemlm Von Hornick

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Annotation 3886139444492

Institución

#derecho

Una institución es un organismo público o privado creado para desempeñar una determinada labor cultural, científica, política o social.

(del latín institutio, de in, que implica penetración; statuere, estacionar, colocar, y el sufijo -ción, que implica acción o efecto)

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Annotation 3936245124364

Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy

#strategy

In this article I explore four approaches to building a breakthrough strategy:

Contrast. The strategist should identify—and challenge—the assumptions undergirding the company’s or the industry’s status quo. This is the most direct and often the most powerful way to reinvent a business.
Combination. Steve Jobs famously said that creativity is “just connecting things”; many smart business moves come from linking products or services that seem independent from or even in tension with one another.
Constraint. A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths.
Context. If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours was solved in an entirely different context, surprising insights may emerge.

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Annotation 3936448023820

As an example, there's no need to spend time lining up the comments on the fields of a structure. Gofmt will do that for you. Given the declaration

type T struct { name string // name of the object value int // its value
}

gofmt will line up the columns:

type T struct { name string // name of the object value int // its value
}

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Effective Go - The Go Programming Language
ing comments. If you want to know how to handle some new layout situation, run gofmt; if the answer doesn't seem right, rearrange your program (or file a bug about gofmt), don't work around it. As an example, there's no need to spend time lining up the comments on the fields of a structure. Gofmt will do that for you. Given the declaration type T struct { name string // name of the object value int // its value } gofmt will line up the columns: type T struct { name string // name of the object value int // its value } All Go code in the standard packages has been formatted with gofmt. Some formatting details remain. Very briefly: Indentation We use tabs for indentation and gofmt emits them by default

Annotation 3936450383116

マイクロサービスは、連携して動作する独自のライフサイクルを備えた粒度の細かいサービスの利用を促進する、分散システムへの取り組みです。

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Annotation 3936451955980

本書では Netflix 、 Amazon 、 Gilt 、 REA Group といった組織をはじめとする世界中の具体的なマイクロサービスの使用例を豊富に紹介しており、このような組織はすべて、このアーキテクチャがもたらす自律性の高まりが大きな強みであることをわかっています。

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Annotation 3936453528844

Eric Evans の著書『 Domain-Driven Design 』（ Addison-Wesley 、日本語版『エリック・エヴァンスのドメイン駆動設計』翔泳社）は実世界をコードで表すことの重要性の理解を促し、システムをモデル化するよりよい方法を示しました。

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Annotation 3936455101708

継続的デリバリの概念は、ソフトウェアをより効果的かつ効率的に本番環境にデプロイできる方法を示し、すべてのチェックインをリリース候補として扱うべきだという考え方を植え付けました。

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Annotation 3936456674572

Alistair Cockburn によるヘキサゴナルアーキテクチャ（ http://bit.ly/1GZuFW9 、ページ上部に日本語訳へのリンクあり）の概念は、ビジネスロジックが隠れることがある階層化アーキテクチャから離れるように導きました。

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Annotation 3936504646924

マイクロサービスは、協調して動作する小規模で自律的なサービスです。

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Annotation 3936506481932

オーストラリアの RealEstate.com.au の Jon Eaves は、マイクロサービスを「 2 週間で書き直せるもの」と特徴付けています（これは、彼の特定の状況下で意味をなす経験則です）。

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Annotation 3936508054796

どの程度小さいと十分に小さいと言えるのかについては、次のように考えています。サービスが小さければ小さいほど、マイクロサービスアーキテクチャの利点と欠点が最大化されます。小さくすればするほど、相互依存関係に関わる利点が増加します。しかし、可動部が増えることで生じる複雑さも増します。

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Annotation 3938287226124

Story Gap

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #story-brand

FOCUS ON ONLY ONE DESIRE

At the highest level, the most important challenge for business leaders is to define something simple and relevant their customers want and to become known for delivering on that promise.

In story terms, identifying a potential desire for your customer opens what’s sometimes called a story gap. The idea is that you place a gap between a character and what they want. To understand the power of a story gap is to understand what compels a human brain toward a desire. When we fail to define something our customer wants, we fail to open a story gap.

When we’re motivating a team, convincing shareholders, or engaging customers, we must define a desire our customers have or we will have failed to open a story gap and our audience will ignore us.

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Annotation 3938291944716

The Villain

#marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #the-villain

Start with the root of all the conflict. The most dynamic, interesting characters in any story: the villain. Every Story Needs a Villain. Position your products and services as weapons they can use to defeat a villain.

It doesn’t have to be a person, but should have personified characteristics. Advertisers personify the problems their customers face in order to capture their imagination and give their frustrations a focal point. Think germs in toothpaste ads.

The more you talk about the villain, the more people will want a tool to help them defeat the villain.

Characteristics that make for a good villain:

The villain should be a root source. Frustration is not a villain. High taxes IS a villain.
The villain should be relatable. People should immediately recognize it when spoken of.
One villain and one villain only. Not many.
The villain should be real. Don't make shit up.

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Annotation 3938294566156

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE TWO: COMPANIES TEND TO SELL SOLUTIONS TO EXTERNAL PROBLEMS, BUT CUSTOMERS BUY SOLUTIONS TO INTERNAL PROBLEMS.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #three-levels-of-conflict

There are three levels of problems that work together to capture customers imagination:

External Problems
Internal Problems
Philosophical Problems

The villain initiates a barrier. A physical and tangible thing often (an external problem). That causes the hero to experience an internal frustration that is philosophically wrong.

The purpose of an external problem in a story is to manifest an internal problem. The hero struggles with the same question: Do I have what it takes? This question can make them feel frustrated, incompetent, and confused. The sense of self-doubt is what makes a romantic comedy relatable to a truck-driving husband. What stories teach us is that people’s internal desire to resolve a frustration is a greater motivator than their desire to solve an external problem. The external problems we solve are causing frustrations in their lives and it’s those frustrations that are motivating them to call you.

Companies tend to sell solutions to external problems, but people buy solutions to internal problems.

Apple started selling more than computers; they started selling a resolution to the problem of customer intimidation. A house-painting business' customer’s external problem might be an unsightly home. The internal problem may involve a sense of embarrassment about having the ugliest home on the street. Knowing this, our marketing could offer “Paint That Will Make Your Neighbors Jealous.” Framing our products as a resolution to both external and internal problems increases their perceived value.

The philosophical problem in a story is about something even larger than the story itself. It’s about the question why. Why does this story matter in the overall epic of humanity? Use terms like ought and shouldn’t. “Bad people shouldn’t be allowed to win” or “People ought to be treated fairly.” A global consulting firm can to talk about how "everybody deserves to work for a great manager."

Offer a resolution to an external, internal, and philosophical problem and frame the “Buy Now” button as the action a customer must take to create closure in their story.

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Annotation 3938297711884

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #three-levels-of-conflict

Always position your customer as the hero and your brand as the guide. Always. If you don’t, you will die. Those who realize the epic story of life is not about them but actually about the people around them somehow win in the end. Yoda understands Luke’s dilemma and has mastered the skills Luke must develop if he is going to win the day. A guide expresses an understanding of the pain and frustration of their hero.

The two things a brand must communicate to position themselves as the guide are:

Empathy.
Authority

EMPATHY

Clinton secured the election during a debate in which Bush gave a rambling answer to a young woman when she asked what the national debt meant to the average American. Clinton countered Bush’s linear, cerebral answer by asking the woman if she knew anybody who’d lost their job. He asked whether it pained her that she had friends out of work, and when the woman said yes, he went on to explain how the national debt is tied to the well-being of every American, even her and her friends. That’s empathy.

Essence of empathy:

The three things every human being wants most are the essence of empathy:

To be seen,
To be heard,
To beunderstood.

A Toyota commercial inviting Toyota owners to engage their local Toyota service center: “We care about your Toyota.”

Empathetic statements start with words like:

“We understand how it feels to . . .” or
“Nobody should have to experience . . .” or
“Like you, we are frustrated by . . .” or,

Commonality, whether taste in music or shared values, is a powerful marketing tool. The human brain likes to conserve calories, and so when a customer realizes they have a lot in common with a brand, they fill in all the unknown nuances with trust. Customers batch their thinking, meaning they’re thinking in “chunks” rather than details.

AUTHORITY

People ask theirselves two questions subconsciously when meeting someone new:

“Can I trust this person?” and
“Can I respect this person?”

Authority really means competence. As customers view our websites, commercials, or e-mails, they simply want to check off a box in the back of their minds that gives them confidence in our ability to help them. Testimonials give potential customers the gift of going second. Three testimonials is enough. It won’t take long for a customer to trust you, so keep a testimonial brief. It won’t take long for a customer to trust you, so keep a testimonial brief.

Statistics

A simple statement like the e-mail marketing platform Infusionsoft’s “125,000 users trust [our] award-winning automation software”6 is all your potential customer needs. For B2B product or service, place logos of known businesses you’ve worked with in your marketing collateral.

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Annotation 3938300071180

StoryBrand Principle Four: Customers trust a guide who has a plan.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-3-customers-trust-a-guide-who-has-a-plan #story-brand

The plan is the bridge the hero must cross in order to arrive at the climactic scene. Rocky has to train using nontraditional methods. The plan tightens the focus of the movie and gives the hero a “path of hope” to walk that might lead to the resolution of trouble. Not having a plan is a guaranteed way to confuse your customers. After potential customers listen to us, they’re all wondering the same thing: What do you want me to do now?

All effective plans do one of two things:

Clarify how somebody can do business with us.
Remove the sense of risk somebody might have if they’re considering investing in our products or services.

Once you create your plans, give them a title that will increase the perceived value of your product or service. Your agreement plan might be titled the “customer satisfaction agreement” or even “our quality guarantee.”

THE PROCESS PLAN

The first kind of plan is a process plan. How many steps should a process plan have?. The answer varies but at least three and no more than six. If doing business with you requires more than six steps, break down those steps into phases and describe the phases.

If you’re selling an expensive product, you might break down the steps like this:

Schedule an appointment.
Allow us to create a customized plan.
Let’s execute the plan together.

THE AGREEMENT PLAN

An agreement plan is best understood as a list of agreements you make with your customers to help them overcome their fear of doing business with you. It can work to clarify shared values between our customers and us. Unlike a process plan, an agreement plan often works in the background. Agreement plans do not have to be featured on the home page of your website (though they could be), but as customers get to know you, they’ll sense a deeper level to your service and may realize why when they finally encounter your agreement plan. The best way to arrive at an agreement plan is to list all the things your customer might be concerned about as it relates to your product or service and then counter that list with agreements that will alleviate their fears.

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Annotation 3938301906188

StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

There should be a “Buy Now” button in the top right corner of your website, and it shouldn’t be cluttered with a bunch of other buttons. The same call to action should be repeated above the fold and in the center of your website, and again and again as people scroll down the page. It’s true we don’t want to constantly beat our customers over the head with direct calls to action but is very rare that someone oversells.

There are two kinds of calls to action:

Direct calls to action. “buy now,” “schedule an appointment,” or “call today.”
transitional calls to action. They deepen the relationship.

A direct call to action is something that leads to a sale, or at least is the first step down a path that leads to a sale. Transitional calls to action contain less risk and usually offer a customer something for free. Transitional calls to action can be used to “on-ramp” potential customers to an eventual purchase. Inviting people to watch a webinar or download a PDF are good examples of transitional calls to action.

In our marketing collateral, we always want to have a direct call to action and a transitional call to action.

DIRECT CALLS TO ACTION

Direct calls to action can be included at the end of every e-mail blast, on signage, in our radio ads, and even in our television commercials. Consider including direct calls to action in every team member’s e-mail signature, and if you really want to get the point across, on all your business cards.

Examples of direct calls to action are

Order now
Call today
Schedule an appointment
Register today
Buy now

TRANSITIONAL CALLS TO ACTION

A good transitional call to action can do three powerful things for your brand:

Stake a claim to your territory. If you want to be known as the leader in a certain territory, stake a claim to that territory before the competition beats you to it. Creating a PDF, a video series, or anything else that positions you as the expert is a great way to establish authority.
Create reciprocity. I’ve never worried about giving away too much free information. In fact, the more generous a brand is, the more reciprocity they create. All relationships are give-and-take, and the more you give to your customers, the more likely they will be to give something back in the future. Give freely.
Position yourself as the guide. When you help your customers solve a problem, even for free, you position yourself as the guide. The next time they encounter a problem in that area of their lives, they will think of your brand.

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Annotation 3938303741196

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE SIX: EVERY HUMAN BEING IS TRYING TO AVOID A TRAGIC ENDING.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

Brands that don’t warn their customers about what could happen if they don’t buy their products fail to answer the “so what” question every customer is secretly asking. Content marketing and bullet points on our website can all include elements of potential failure to give our customers a sense of urgency. Loss aversion is a greater motivator of buying decisions than potential gains.

So how do we use messages from the failure category in our marketing? The book Building Communication Theory, propose a four-step process called a “fear appeal.”

FEAR APPEAL

We must make a customers know they are vulnerable to a threat. For example: “Nearly 30 percent of all homes have evidence of termite infestation.”
We should let them know that since they’re vulnerable, they should take action to reduce their vulnerability. “Since nobody wants termites, you should do something about it to protect your home.”
We should let them know about a specific call to action that protects them from the risk. “We offer a complete home treatment that will insure your house is free of termites.”
We should challenge people to take this specific action. “Call us today and schedule your home treatment.”

Messages containing moderate amounts of fear-rousing content are most effective in producing attitudinal and/or behavior change. What about opportunity costs? Could they make or save more money with you than they can with a competitor?

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Annotation 3938306100492

StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #story-brand

In a good story, the resolution must be clearly defined so the audience knows exactly what to hope for. Once you know how your customers’ lives will change after they engage your brand, you will have plenty of copy to use in your marketing collateral. The success module of your StoryBrand BrandScript should simply be a list of resolutions to your customers’ problems. When we resolve our customers’ internal, external, and philosophical problems, we’ve truly created a resolution that will satisfy their story.

The three dominant ways storytellers end a story is by allowing the hero to:

Win some sort of power or position.
Be unified with somebody or something that makes them whole.
Experience some kind of self-realization that also makes them whole.

Winning Power and Position (The Need for Status)

Offer access. Think Starbucks membership cards. (points and stuff)
Create scarcity. Limited number of something or owning something few do creates status.
Offer a premium. Think 80/20. Identify your 20% of clients and make them "VIP" "Platinum" or some shit.
Offer identity association. Piensa en mercedes. Esta dificil pero es que tu marca los asocie con lujo.

Union that Makes the Hero Whole (The Need for Something External to Create Completeness)

The reason stories end with the union of lovers has little to do with love. Rather, union between male and female fulfills a desire for wholeness. The audience subconsciously experiences the joining of two halves. The subconscious idea is that the man needs to become more like a woman and the woman needs to become more like a man in order to be whole.

It doesn't have to be love necessarily. The controlling idea of this kind of ending is that the character is rescued by somebody or something else that they needed in order for them to be made complete. It’s about being made whole by external provision. A superhero deficient in a particular way could be helped out by another superhero who reenters the story at the end, for example.

Ways to offer external help for customers to become complete or whole:

Reduced anxiety. Will the use of your product lead to the relief of stress and a feeling of completeness?
Reduced Workload. Think "Tools". Customers who don’t have the right tools must work harder because they are, well, incomplete. But what if a tool you offer could give them what they’re missing? "The thing that'll make you superhuman"
More time. For many customers, time is the enemy, and if our product can expand time, we’re offering to solve an external problem that is causing an internal frustration. Not being able to “fit it all in” is often perceived by our customers as a personal deficiency. Any tool, system, philosophy, or even person who can expand time may offer a sense of completeness.

Ultimate Self-Realization or Acceptance (The Need to Reach Our Potential)

Movies like Legally Blonde, The Theory of Everything, and Whiplash are all about heroes who face great odds in their journey to prove themselves. Once proven, the heroes realize an inner peace and can finally accept themselves because they’ve reached their potential. An outward demonstration of worth isn’t always necessary to create this kind of resolution. Heroes can also take an internal journey to come to the same conclusion. When Bridget Jones realized she was too good for the boss with whom she desired a relationship, she came to an ultimate self-realization that returned her to a place of peace and stability. And while it’s true she didn’t close the story loop of uniting with the man she wanted, resolution is brought about as she ab

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Annotation 3938308984076

во-первых, от коротких занятий, во время которых закладываются нейронные «кирпичи», и, во-вторых, долгих периодов между ними, во время которых мыслительный «котел» успе- вает остыть

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Annotation 3938310556940

Прокрастинация похожа на яд, принимаемый небольшими дозами. В каждом мелком случае она может показаться невинной. Однако ее отдаленные последствия могут быть раз- рушительны

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Annotation 3938312129804

Выясните, от чего вы переключаетесь в зомби-режим – в состояние про- крастинации. Сигналы обычно имеют отношение к одной из следующих категорий: место, время, самочувствие, реакция на других людей или некое событие

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Annotation 3938313702668

Эксперт по прокрастинации Пирс Стил, автор книги «Уравнение прокрастинации» (The Procrastination Equation), отмечает: «Если вы защищаете свой распо- рядок дня, со временем он начнет защищать вас»

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Annotation 3938315275532

Очень важно понимать, что запустить процесс перестройки сознания может ваша даже самая малая похвала в собственный адрес. Такая перестройка, иногда называемая приобре- тенным трудолюбием, помогает оживить деятельность, которая раньше казалась скучной и неинтересной

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Annotation 3938316848396

Главное здесь – отвлечься от продукта, т. е. от мысли о пяти законченных задачах. Именно мысль о продукте повергает вас в дискомфорт и заставляет прокрастинировать. Вместо этого лучше сосредоточиться на процессе – коротких отрезках времени в течение дней или недель, отведенных на задание или подготовку к экзамену. Кому нужно, чтобы вы решили задачу или усвоили материал всего за один недолгий период времени? Главное – спокойно сосредоточиться на коротком периоде, процессе

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Annotation 3938318421260

Очень полезно заранее помечать для себя в книге конец ежедневной “нормы” занятий – закладкой или клейкой бумагой для заметок. Так процесс получается нагляднее: когда вы видите финишную прямую, повышается мотивация!

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Annotation 3938319994124

работать по таймеру – это стресс. Однако исследова- тели выяснили нечто примечательное и неожиданное. Если заниматься в условиях легкого стресса, то вы будете легче переносить тяжелые стрессы. Например, исследовательница Шан Бейлок в своей книге «Ступор» (Choke) отмечает, что игроки в гольф, которые трени- руются не одни, потом не теряются перед публикой. Аналогичное происходит и в том слу- чае, если вы привыкаете учиться в условиях нехватки времени: тогда в нервной и напряжен- ной обстановке экзамена у вас меньше шансов провалиться

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Annotation 3938321566988

У метода помидора есть удачное свойство: если вы занимаетесь в кругу семьи или друзей, расскажите им об этой системе, и, когда вас прервут во время занятий, вы можете просто сказать «Я занят помидором» или «У меня таймер» – тогда они оставят вас в покое и ничуть не обидятся

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Annotation 3938323139852

Каким делать перерыв после «помидора»? Зависит от того, чем вы занимаетесь. Если вы в начале долгого пути и результаты нужны через много недель, можно зайти в Интернет на полчаса и не чувствовать себя виноватым. Если сроки поджимают и работы много, будет достаточно двух-пятиминутного перерыва. Периоды «помидора» можно чередовать с заня- тиями без таймера, а если вы заметите, что стали отвлекаться и тянуть время, то вновь пере- ходите на режим таймера

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Annotation 3938324712716

Многозадачный режим похож на вытягивание растения из земли. Ввиду постоян- ного переключения внимания идеи и понятия не могут укорениться и зацвести. Когда делаете сразу много дел при выполнении домашних заданий, вы быстрее устаете. Каждое переключение внимания отнимает силы, хотя такие переходы кажутся мелкими, усталость от них накапливается, и в результате вы тратите больше энергии, чем нужно. Кроме того, вы хуже запоминаете материал, делаете больше ошибок, и даже то немногое, что вам уда- ется выучить, хуже поддается стыковке с другими контекстами

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Annotation 3938326285580

Прокрастинация и аналогичные привычки имеют четыре составляющих: – сигнал; – последовательность действий; – вознаграждение; – веру.

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Annotation 3938327858444

Мысленное сравнение – действенный мотивирующий прием: вспомните худшие черты своего прошлого или нынешнего опыта и сопоставьте их с желанным будущим

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Annotation 3938329431308

Если вы запутались или сбились с мысли, пытаясь вспомнить ключевую идею изучаемого материала, или замечаете, что многократно перечитываете одну и ту же страницу, сделайте несколько приседаний, отжиманий или попрыгайте. Небольшая физическая разминка может на удивление благотворно повлиять на способность понимать и вспоминать материал.

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Annotation 3938331528460

Пошаговая инструкция по формированию действенных порций информации 1. Решите задачу сами либо найдите ответ в учебнике и запишите решение, которое должно быть у вас под рукой (но не подглядывайте в него без нужды.) В процессе решения задачи не хитрите, не пропускайте этапы, не говорите «Ну, тут и так понятно» – решайте задачу до конца. Убедитесь, что каждый шаг осмыслен. 2. Решите задачу заново, обращая внимание на главные этапы. Если вам кажется странным решать ту же задачу повторно, напомните себе, что невозможно научиться играть песню на гитаре с одного раза или накачать мускулы одним-единственным поднятием гантели. 3. Сделайте перерыв. Можно обратиться к другим темам в рамках того же самого учебного предмета, но потом переключитесь на что-нибудь совсем иное – позанимайтесь другими науками [116] , поиграйте в баскетбол. Рассеянному состоянию нужно время, чтобы материал усвоился. 4. Поспите. Перед сном решите задачу еще раз [117] . Если решение не пойдет, прислушайтесь к задаче. Пусть подсознание подскажет следующий шаг. 5. Решите задачу еще раз. На следующий день (как можно раньше) поработайте над задачей снова. На этот раз вы заметите, что это займет меньше времени, поскольку вы уже будете лучше понимать процесс

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Annotation 3938333101324

вы даже удивитесь, почему он раньше вызывал у вас трудности. На это раз можно не так пристально фокусироваться на каждом этапе решения – сосредоточьтесь лишь на самых сложных действиях. Такая концентрация на сложных действиях называется «намеренной тренировкой» – она порой утомительна, но всегда чрезвычайно важна для процесса обучения. (В качестве альтернативы или дополнения на этом этапе можно взяться за аналогичную задачу и посмотреть, легко ли она будет решаться.) 6. Перейдите к другой задаче. Выберите еще одну задачу и начните работать над ней по вышеописанной схеме. Решение этой задачи станет второй порцией информации в вашей библиотеке. Повторите шаги 1–5 применительно ко второй задаче. Когда освоитесь с ее решением, переходите к следующей. Вы удивитесь тому, как уверенно будете обращаться с материалом и как эффективно начнете решать задачи – и все из-за нескольких надежно сформированных порций информации. 7. Делайте «активные» повторения. Мысленно пройдитесь по основным этапам решения задачи во время активной деятельности – прогулки или тренировки. Повторением можно заниматься и на остановке, пока ждете автобуса, и в машине (если едете в качестве пассажира), и перед лекцией, пока ждете преподавателя. Такой вид активных «репетиций» усиливает вашу способность вспоминать основные понятия и принципы во время выполнения домашних или экзаменационных заданий.

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Annotation 3938334674188

Генерация (т. е. вспоминание) материала помогает выучить его более эффективно, чем с помощью простого перечитывания

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Annotation 3938336247052

Практика вспоминания – один из самых действенных способов усвоения знаний

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Annotation 3938337819916

Не забывайте: усвоение новых знаний требует времени. У вас случатся периоды, когда изучаемый материал будет казаться непонятным, будто вас вдруг отбросило на шаг назад. Это естественный феномен, означающий, что материал обрабатывается и упорядочи- вается в глубинах сознания. По окончании каждого такого неприятного периода вы увидите, что ваши знания существенно продвинутся вперед.

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Annotation 3938339392780

рабочая память полна до предела и уже не вмещает дополнительных сведений, необходимых для решения задачи. Формирование порций информации «сжимает» знания и высвобождает место в рабочей памяти, предотвра- щая мозговую перегрузку. Освобождая место в рабочей памяти, вы также даете себе возмож- ность припомнить важные детали метода решения

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Annotation 3938340965644

тест сам по себе – мощный обу- чающий опыт. Он реорганизует знания и добавляет к ним новые, а также ощутимо улучшает способность удерживать материал в памяти

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Annotation 3938342538508

Сформировать порцию информации – значит интегрировать некое понятие в четко оформленный нейронный паттерн. • Формирование порций помогает увеличить объем доступной рабочей памяти. • Создание библиотеки сформированных порций информации, содержащих необходи- мые концепции и способы решения, помогает развитию интуиции при решении задач. • При создании библиотеки порций важно сознательно фокусироваться на самых слож- ных понятиях и аспектах решения задач. • Временами, как бы вы ни старались овладеть материалом, вас постигает неудача. В таких случаях не забывайте «закон озарений»: если вы эффективно поработаете над мате- риалом и создадите хорошую библиотеку решений, то увидите, что удача все чаще будет на вашей стороне. Иными словами, если вы не стараетесь освоить материал, вам гарантиро- вана неудача, однако те, кто целенаправленно прилагает усилия, достигнут гораздо больших успехов

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Annotation 3938349616396

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #story-brand

The three dominant ways storytellers end a story is by allowing the hero to:

Win some sort of power or position.
Be unified with somebody or something that makes them whole.
Experience some kind of self-realization that also makes them whole.

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StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.
In a good story, the resolution must be clearly defined so the audience knows exactly what to hope for. Once you know how your customers’ lives will change after they engage your brand, you will have plenty of copy to use in your marketing collateral. The success module of your StoryBrand BrandScript should simply be a list of resolutions to your customers’ problems. When we resolve our customers’ internal, external, and philosophical problems, we’ve truly created a resolution that will satisfy their story. The three dominant ways storytellers end a story is by allowing the hero to: Win some sort of power or position. Be unified with somebody or something that makes them whole. Experience some kind of self-realization that also makes them whole. Winning Power and Position (The Need for Status) Offer access. Think Starbucks membership cards. (points and stuff) Create scarcity. Limited number of something or owning something few

Annotation 3938351189260

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #story-brand

Winning Power and Position (The Need for Status)

Offer access. Think Starbucks membership cards. (points and stuff)
Create scarcity. Limited number of something or owning something few do creates status.
Offer a premium. Think 80/20. Identify your 20% of clients and make them "VIP" "Platinum" or some shit.
Offer identity association. Piensa en mercedes. Esta dificil pero es que tu marca los asocie con lujo.

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StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.
is by allowing the hero to: Win some sort of power or position. Be unified with somebody or something that makes them whole. Experience some kind of self-realization that also makes them whole. Winning Power and Position (The Need for Status) Offer access. Think Starbucks membership cards. (points and stuff) Create scarcity. Limited number of something or owning something few do creates status. Offer a premium. Think 80/20. Identify your 20% of clients and make them "VIP" "Platinum" or some shit. Offer identity association. Piensa en mercedes. Esta dificil pero es que tu marca los asocie con lujo. Union that Makes the Hero Whole (The Need for Something External to Create Completeness) The reason stories end with the union of lovers has little to do with love. Rather, union betwee

Annotation 3938352762124

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #story-brand

Union that Makes the Hero Whole (The Need for Something External to Create Completeness)

Ways to offer external help for customers to become complete or whole:

Reduced anxiety. Will the use of your product lead to the relief of stress and a feeling of completeness?
Reduced Workload. Think "Tools". Customers who don’t have the right tools must work harder because they are, well, incomplete. But what if a tool you offer could give them what they’re missing? "The thing that'll make you superhuman"
More time. For many customers, time is the enemy, and if our product can expand time, we’re offering to solve an external problem that is causing an internal frustration. Not being able to “fit it all in” is often perceived by our customers as a personal deficiency. Any tool, system, philosophy, or even person who can expand time may offer a sense of completeness.

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StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.
um. Think 80/20. Identify your 20% of clients and make them "VIP" "Platinum" or some shit. Offer identity association. Piensa en mercedes. Esta dificil pero es que tu marca los asocie con lujo. Union that Makes the Hero Whole (The Need for Something External to Create Completeness) The reason stories end with the union of lovers has little to do with love. Rather, union between male and female fulfills a desire for wholeness. The audience subconsciously experiences the joining of two halves. The subconscious idea is that the man needs to become more like a woman and the woman needs to become more like a man in order to be whole. It doesn't have to be love necessarily. The controlling idea of this kind of ending is that the character is rescued by somebody or something else that they needed in order for them to be made complete. It’s about being made whole by external provision. A superhero deficient in a particular way could be helped out by another superhero who reenters the story at the end, for example. Ways to offer external help for customers to become complete or whole: Reduced anxiety. Will the use of your product lead to the relief of stress and a feeling of completeness? Reduced Workload. Think "Tools". Customers who don’t have the right tools must work harder because they are, well, incomplete. But what if a tool you offer could give them what they’re missing? "The thing that'll make you superhuman" More time. For many customers, time is the enemy, and if our product can expand time, we’re offering to solve an external problem that is causing an internal frustration. Not being able to “fit it all in” is often perceived by our customers as a personal deficiency. Any tool, system, philosophy, or even person who can expand time may offer a sense of completeness. Ultimate Self-Realization or Acceptance (The Need to Reach Our Potential) Movies like Legally Blonde, The Theory of Everything, and Whiplash are all about heroes who face great odds in

Annotation 3938354334988

Ends in Success

#comunicacion #ends-in-success #marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #story-brand #ultímate-self-realization

Ultimate Self-Realization or Acceptance (The Need to Reach Our Potential)

An outward demonstration of worth isn’t always necessary to create this kind of resolution. Heroes can also take an internal journey to come to the same conclusion.

When Bridget Jones realized she was too good for the boss with whom she desired a relationship, she came to an ultimate self-realization that returned her to a place of peace and stability. And while it’s true she didn’t close the story loop of uniting with the man she wanted, resolution is brought about as she abandons that goal in exchange for the greater fulfillment of self-acceptance and contentment.

The Dove soap advertising on women being draw by an FBI forensic agent should that. The point: many women don’t realize how beautiful they are.

Ways for a brand to offer a sense of ultimate self-realization and self-acceptance:

Inspiration. If an aspect of your brand can offer or be associated with an inspirational feat, open the floodgates. e.g. HBR, Redbull.
Acceptance.
Trascendence. Invite them to a larger movement. Think FUBU.

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StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.
t being able to “fit it all in” is often perceived by our customers as a personal deficiency. Any tool, system, philosophy, or even person who can expand time may offer a sense of completeness. Ultimate Self-Realization or Acceptance (The Need to Reach Our Potential) Movies like Legally Blonde, The Theory of Everything, and Whiplash are all about heroes who face great odds in their journey to prove themselves. Once proven, the heroes realize an inner peace and can finally accept themselves because they’ve reached their potential. An outward demonstration of worth isn’t always necessary to create this kind of resolution. Heroes can also take an internal journey to come to the same conclusion. When Bridget Jones realized she was too good for the boss with whom she desired a relationship, she came to an ultimate self-realization that returned her to a place of peace and stability. And while it’s true she didn’t close the story loop of uniting with the man she wanted, resolution is brought about as she abandons that goal in exchange for the greater fulfillment of self-acceptance and contentment. The Dove soap advertising on women being draw by an FBI forensic agent should that. The point: many women don’t realize how beautiful they are. Ways for a brand to offer a sense of ultimate self-realization and self-acceptance: Inspiration. If an aspect of your brand can offer or be associated with an inspirational feat, open the floodgates. e.g. HBR, Redbull. Acceptance. Trascendence. Invite them to a larger movement. Think FUBU.

Annotation 3938355907852

StoryBrand Principle Seven: Never assume people understand how your brand can change their lives. Tell them.

#marketing #principle-7-tell-people-how-your-brand-changes-them #resumir #story-brand

KEEP IT SIMPLE

The idea behind the success module in the SB7 Framework is that we offer to close a story loop. Human beings are looking for resolutions to their external, internal, and philosophical problems, and they can achieve this through, among other things, status, self-realization, self-acceptance, and transcendence. If we can help people achieve these things, make this a core aspect of our brand promise.

Offering to close a story loop is much more simple than you think. Even the inclusion of smiley, happy people on your website is a strong way to offer the closing of a story loop. If you sell rugs, a successful resolution might be a beautiful floor or a room that finally feels finished.

The important idea is that we need to show repeatedly how our product or service can make somebody’s life better. If we don’t tell people where we’re taking them, they won’t follow. This is the human desire to transform. Everybody wants to change. Everybody wants to be somebody different, somebody better, or, perhaps, somebody who simply becomes more self-accepting. Brands that participate in the identity transformation of their customers create passionate brand evangelists.

You are helping them become wiser, more equipped, more physically fit, more accepted, and more at peace. Your brand participates in our customers’ transformation.

SMART BRANDS DEFINE AN ASPIRIATIONAL IDENTITY

The aspirational identity of a Gerber Knife customer is that they are tough, adventurous, fearless, action oriented, and competent to do a hard job. Epitomized in their advertising campaign “Hello Trouble,”. Gerber positioned their customer as the kind of person who sails boats into storms, rides bulls, rescues people from floods, and yes, cuts tangled ropes from boat propellers.

HOW DOES YOUR CUSTOMER WANT TO BE DESCRIBED BY OTHERS?

The best way to identify an aspirational identity that our customers may be attracted to is to consider how they want their friends to talk about them. If you offer executive coaching, your clients may want to be seen as competent, generous, and disciplined. Once we know who our customers want to be, we will have language to use in our marketing material.

A GUIDE OFFERS MORE THAN A PRODUCT AND A PLAN

Leaders who care more about changing lives than they do about selling products sell more.

Dave Ramsey and his team at Ramsey Solutions.

What he says on his radio show:

“Welcome back to The Dave Ramsey Show, where debt is dumb, cash is king, and the paid-off home mortgage has taken the place of the BMW as the status symbol of choice.” There they are, the elements of story, complete with an identity to step into and a new status symbol to go along with it.

Dave’s understanding of his listeners’ external problems (consumer debt and financial illiteracy), internal problems (confusion and a feeling of hopelessness), as well as their philosophical problem (accruing debt for things we don’t need posits moral questions) engages listeners in a living story.

GREAT BRANDS OBSESS ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THEIR CUSTOMERS

After a climactic scene, the guide comes back to affirm the transformation. In Star Wars, the ghost of Obi-Wan stands next to Luke Skywalker as he’s rewarded for bravery. A hero needs somebody else to step into the story to tell them they’re different, they’re better. That somebody is the guide. That somebody is you.

FINANCIAL ADVISOR

From: Confused and ill-equipped
To: Competent and smart

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Annotation 3938358267148

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

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StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.
There should be a “Buy Now” button in the top right corner of your website, and it shouldn’t be cluttered with a bunch of other buttons. The same call to action should be repeated above the fold and in the center of your website, and again and again as people scroll down the page. It’s true we don’t want to constantly beat our customers over the head with direct calls to action but is very rare that someone oversells. There are two kinds of calls to action: Direct calls to action. “buy now,” “schedule an appointment,” or “call today.” transitional calls to action. They deepen the relationship. A dire

Annotation 3938359840012

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

There are two kinds of calls to action:

Direct calls to action. “buy now,” “schedule an appointment,” or “call today.”
transitional calls to action. They deepen the relationship.

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StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.
, and again and again as people scroll down the page. It’s true we don’t want to constantly beat our customers over the head with direct calls to action but is very rare that someone oversells. There are two kinds of calls to action: Direct calls to action. “buy now,” “schedule an appointment,” or “call today.” transitional calls to action. They deepen the relationship. A direct call to action is something that leads to a sale, or at least is the first step down a path that leads to a sale. Transitional calls to action contain less risk and usually offer a customer something for free. Transitional calls to action can be used to “on-ramp” potential customers to an eventual purchase. Inviting people to watch a webinar or download a PDF are good examples of transitional calls to action. In our marketing collateral, we always want to have a direct call to action and a transitional call to action. DIRECT CALLS TO ACTION Direct calls to action can be included at the end o

Annotation 3938361412876

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

In our marketing collateral, we always want to have a direct call to action and a transitional call to action.

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StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.
nal calls to action can be used to “on-ramp” potential customers to an eventual purchase. Inviting people to watch a webinar or download a PDF are good examples of transitional calls to action. In our marketing collateral, we always want to have a direct call to action and a transitional call to action. DIRECT CALLS TO ACTION Direct calls to action can be included at the end of every e-mail blast, on signage, in our radio ads, and even in our television commercials. Consider including

Annotation 3938362985740

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

DIRECT CALLS TO ACTION

Examples of direct calls to action are

Order now
Call today
Schedule an appointment
Register today
Buy now

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StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.
tch a webinar or download a PDF are good examples of transitional calls to action. In our marketing collateral, we always want to have a direct call to action and a transitional call to action. DIRECT CALLS TO ACTION Direct calls to action can be included at the end of every e-mail blast, on signage, in our radio ads, and even in our television commercials. Consider including direct calls to action in every team member’s e-mail signature, and if you really want to get the point across, on all your business cards. Examples of direct calls to action are Order now Call today Schedule an appointment Register today Buy now TRANSITIONAL CALLS TO ACTION A good transitional call to action can do three powerful things for your brand: Stake a claim to your territory. If you want to be known as the leader in a

Annotation 3938364558604

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-4-customers-dont-take-action-unless-they-are-challenged #story-brand

TRANSITIONAL CALLS TO ACTION

A good transitional call to action can do three powerful things for your brand:

Stake a claim to your territory. If you want to be known as the leader in a certain territory, stake a claim to that territory before the competition beats you to it. Creating a PDF, a video series, or anything else that positions you as the expert is a great way to establish authority.
Create reciprocity. I’ve never worried about giving away too much free information. In fact, the more generous a brand is, the more reciprocity they create. All relationships are give-and-take, and the more you give to your customers, the more likely they will be to give something back in the future. Give freely.
Position yourself as the guide. When you help your customers solve a problem, even for free, you position yourself as the guide. The next time they encounter a problem in that area of their lives, they will think of your brand.

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StoryBrand Principle Five: Customers do not take action unless they are challenged to take action.
signature, and if you really want to get the point across, on all your business cards. Examples of direct calls to action are Order now Call today Schedule an appointment Register today Buy now TRANSITIONAL CALLS TO ACTION A good transitional call to action can do three powerful things for your brand: Stake a claim to your territory. If you want to be known as the leader in a certain territory, stake a claim to that territory before the competition beats you to it. Creating a PDF, a video series, or anything else that positions you as the expert is a great way to establish authority. Create reciprocity. I’ve never worried about giving away too much free information. In fact, the more generous a brand is, the more reciprocity they create. All relationships are give-and-take, and the more you give to your customers, the more likely they will be to give something back in the future. Give freely. Position yourself as the guide. When you help your customers solve a problem, even for free, you position yourself as the guide. The next time they encounter a problem in that area of their lives, they will think of your brand.

Annotation 3938366393612

DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #reivindicatio-defensa-de-la-propiedad

A) Concepto y caracteres.

Acción real, acordada exclusivamente al propietario de una cosa, de la que ha sido desposeído, a fin de obtener su restitución. Debe ejercitarse contra el poseedor de la cosa, y puede tener por objeto tanto bienes muebles como inmuebles.

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DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.
A) Concepto y caracteres. Acción real, acordada exclusivamente al propietario de una cosa, de la que ha sido desposeído, a fin de obtener su restitución. Debe ejercitarse contra el poseedor de la cosa, y puede tener por objeto tanto bienes muebles como inmuebles. B) Prueba. Corresponde al que invoca el derecho de dominio el onus probandi (carga de la prueba); si no consigue acreditar fehacientemente su condición, triunfa el demandado, quien pued

Annotation 3938368752908

DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #reivindicatio-defensa-de-la-propiedad

B) Prueba.

Corresponde al que invoca el derecho de dominio el onus probandi (carga de la prueba); si no consigue acreditar fehacientemente su condición, triunfa el demandado, quien puede oponer a una nueva acción de éste la exceptio res judicatae.

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DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.
ietario de una cosa, de la que ha sido desposeído, a fin de obtener su restitución. Debe ejercitarse contra el poseedor de la cosa, y puede tener por objeto tanto bienes muebles como inmuebles. B) Prueba. Corresponde al que invoca el derecho de dominio el onus probandi (carga de la prueba); si no consigue acreditar fehacientemente su condición, triunfa el demandado, quien puede oponer a una nueva acción de éste la exceptio res judicatae. C) Efectos. Poseedor de buena fe. Hace suyos los frutos separados y consumidos antes de ser notificada la demanda. Después de iniciada la demanda, es responsable de los fruto; y product

Annotation 3938371112204

DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #reivindicatio-defensa-de-la-propiedad

C) Efectos.

Poseedor de buena fe.
1. Hace suyos los frutos separados y consumidos antes de ser notificada la demanda.
2. Después de iniciada la demanda, es responsable de los fruto; y productos separados y consumidos con posterioridad a la notificación.
Poseedor de la mala fe.
1. Debe indemnizar al propietario por los frutos consumidos antes de la notificación de la demanda, pues le constaba al carácter vicioso de su posesión.
2. Debe restituir los frutos no consumidos.
3. Después de iniciada la demanda, responde por todos los frutos de la cosa, aun de los perdidos por caso fortuito.

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DEFENSA DE LA PROPIEDAD: REIVINDICATIO.
inio el onus probandi (carga de la prueba); si no consigue acreditar fehacientemente su condición, triunfa el demandado, quien puede oponer a una nueva acción de éste la exceptio res judicatae. C) Efectos. Poseedor de buena fe. Hace suyos los frutos separados y consumidos antes de ser notificada la demanda. Después de iniciada la demanda, es responsable de los fruto; y productos separados y consumidos con posterioridad a la notificación. Poseedor de la mala fe. Debe indemnizar al propietario por los frutos consumidos antes de la notificación de la demanda, pues le constaba al carácter vicioso de su posesión. Debe restituir los frutos no consumidos. Después de iniciada la demanda, responde por todos los frutos de la cosa, aun de los perdidos por caso fortuito.

Annotation 3938373995788

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho

Tomás de Aquino, señalaba: “ comerciar por simple amor al comercio es vergonzoso porque aumenta el interés por el lucro sin límites”

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B).- Las manifestaciones escolásticas de la Edad Media.
al pensador escolástico en donde su preocupación era la correcta utilización de la propiedad privada, por un sistema de precios justos, por el comercio, la usura, y por los sistemas salariales. Tomás de Aquino, señalaba: “ comerciar por simple amor al comercio es vergonzoso porque aumenta el interés por el lucro sin límites”

Annotation 3938376879372

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-3-customers-trust-a-guide-who-has-a-plan #story-brand

All effective plans do one of two things:

Clarify how somebody can do business with us.
Remove the sense of risk somebody might have if they’re considering investing in our products or services.

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StoryBrand Principle Four: Customers trust a guide who has a plan.
The plan is the bridge the hero must cross in order to arrive at the climactic scene. Rocky has to train using nontraditional methods. The plan tightens the focus of the movie and gives the hero a “path of hope” to walk that might lead to the resolution of trouble. Not having a plan is a guaranteed way to confuse your customers. After potential customers listen to us, they’re all wondering the same thing: What do you want me to do now? All effective plans do one of two things: Clarify how somebody can do business with us. Remove the sense of risk somebody might have if they’re considering investing in our products or services. Once you create your plans, give them a title that will increase the perceived value of your product or service. Your agreement plan might be titled the “customer satisfaction agreement” or even “our quality guarantee.” THE PROCESS PLAN The first kind of plan is a process plan. How many steps should a process plan have?. The answer varies but at least three and no more than six. If doing business with

Annotation 3938378452236

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-3-customers-trust-a-guide-who-has-a-plan #story-brand

THE PROCESS PLAN

If you’re selling an expensive product, you might break down the steps like this:

Schedule an appointment.
Allow us to create a customized plan.
Let’s execute the plan together.

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StoryBrand Principle Four: Customers trust a guide who has a plan.
, give them a title that will increase the perceived value of your product or service. Your agreement plan might be titled the “customer satisfaction agreement” or even “our quality guarantee.” THE PROCESS PLAN The first kind of plan is a process plan. How many steps should a process plan have?. The answer varies but at least three and no more than six. If doing business with you requires more than six steps, break down those steps into phases and describe the phases. If you’re selling an expensive product, you might break down the steps like this: Schedule an appointment. Allow us to create a customized plan. Let’s execute the plan together. THE AGREEMENT PLAN An agreement plan is best understood as a list of agreements you make with your customers to help them overcome their fear of doing business with you. It can work to clarify shared valu

Annotation 3938380811532

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-3-customers-trust-a-guide-who-has-a-plan #story-brand

THE AGREEMENT PLAN

Unlike a process plan, an agreement plan often works in the background. Agreement plans do not have to be featured on the home page of your website (though they could be), but as customers get to know you, they’ll sense a deeper level to your service and may realize why when they finally encounter your agreement plan.

The best way to arrive at an agreement plan is to list all the things your customer might be concerned about as it relates to your product or service and then counter that list with agreements that will alleviate their fears.

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StoryBrand Principle Four: Customers trust a guide who has a plan.
ibe the phases. If you’re selling an expensive product, you might break down the steps like this: Schedule an appointment. Allow us to create a customized plan. Let’s execute the plan together. THE AGREEMENT PLAN An agreement plan is best understood as a list of agreements you make with your customers to help them overcome their fear of doing business with you. It can work to clarify shared values between our customers and us. Unlike a process plan, an agreement plan often works in the background. Agreement plans do not have to be featured on the home page of your website (though they could be), but as customers get to know you, they’ll sense a deeper level to your service and may realize why when they finally encounter your agreement plan. The best way to arrive at an agreement plan is to list all the things your customer might be concerned about as it relates to your product or service and then counter that list with agreements that will alleviate their fears.

Annotation 3938386578700

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Concepto y clasificación.

Cosa (res) es todo objeto susceptible de tener un valor pecuniario (dinero). Las cosa interesan bajo el punto de vista de su relación con las personas, que es lo que se denomina derechos (de propiedad, de uso y goce de usufructo etc.).

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DERECHOS REALES.
Concepto y clasificación. Cosa (res) es todo objeto susceptible de tener un valor pecuniario. Las cosa interesan bajo el punto de vista de su relación con las personas, que es lo que se denomina derechos (de propiedad, de uso y goce de usufructo etc.). CLASIFICACIÓN. Por su materialidad. a) Corporales. Objetos materiales que caen bajo la apreciación de los sentidos (ej.: un fundo, una nave, un esclavo, etcétera). b) Incorporales. Dere

Annotation 3938388937996

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS COSAS (RES).

Por su materialidad. (corporea o incorporea)
Por su comerciabilidad. (in commercium o extra commercium))
Por su ubicación.
Por su pertenencia.
Por su movilidad. (muebles o inmuebles)
Por su determinación. (fungibles, no fungibles)

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DERECHOS REALES.
ible de tener un valor pecuniario. Las cosa interesan bajo el punto de vista de su relación con las personas, que es lo que se denomina derechos (de propiedad, de uso y goce de usufructo etc.). CLASIFICACIÓN. Por su materialidad. a) Corporales. Objetos materiales que caen bajo la apreciación de los sentidos (ej.: un fundo, una nave, un esclavo, etcétera). b) Incorporales. Derechos susceptibles de estimación, carentes de materialidad, que integran el patrimonio de una persona (ej.: de propiedad, de crédito, etc.). Constituyen una excepción a esta regla los derechos de familia, que no son susceptibles de estimación pecuniaria, quedando, en consecuencia, radiados del patrimonio Por su comerciabilidad. In commercio. Pueden constituir el objeto de transacciones comerciales. También se les denomina res privata, singulorum o pecuniae. Extra commercium. Divini juris. Se les considera consagradas a los dioses, y son custodiadas por los sacerdotes. También reciben el nombre de res nullius, va que no son susceptibles de una apropiación humana. Podemos distinguir tres categorías. a) Res sacrae. Terrenos, edificios, iglesias y objetos dedicados al culto. Sólo pierden su carácter de tal por una ceremonia religiosa destinada a tal efecto. h) Res religiosae. Terrenos y monumentos adjuntos a los sepulcros. Se diferencian de las anteriores en que se hallan consagradas a los dioses manes, (antepasados fallecidos), a los cuales los romanos reverenciaban. c) Res sanctae. Aunque no son destinadas al culto de los dioses, quedan asimiladas a las divini juris por causa de interés público y son protegidas de los atentados de los hombres por sanciones penales. A esta categoría pertenecen los muros y puertas de la ciudad. Humani juris. Definiéndolas por exclusión, podemos decir que son todas las cosas que no caen bajo la denominación de divini juris. Distinguiéndose tres categorías: Res communes. En razón de su naturaleza, su apropiación es imposible, por los hombres, quedando su uso abierto a todos ellos (ej.: el aire, los ríos, los mares etc.). Res publicae. Su propiedad es exclusiva del pueblo romano y su uso común a todos los habitantes (ej.: los puertos, los caminos, etc.). Res universitatis. Pertenecientes a personas jurídicas o universitatis (municipios, corporaciones, etc.), pero que, en razón de su destino, no son susceptibles de propiedad privada, siendo su uso común a todos (ej.: plazas, teatros, etc.). Por su ubicación. Res mancipi. Cosas que podían ser adquiridas por mancipatio (antes que ésta perdiera efectividad y fuese suprimida por Justiniano). Se hallan expresamente señaladas: Fundos ubicados en Italia y en las regiones a las cuales se había concedido el jus italicum. Servidumbres rurales establecidas sobre esas mismas fincas. Esclavos. Bestias de carga (bueyes, caballos, mulas, etc.). Res nec mancipi. En este rubro se ubican todas las cosas no incluidas en la anterior categoría (fundos provinciales, bienes muebles, animales, etc.). Por su pertenencia. Res nullius. Cosas no susceptibles de apropiación privada y cosas sin dueño. Res derelictae. Cosas abandonadas intencionalmente por su propietario. Por su movilidad. Muebles. Cosas susceptibles de moverse por sí misma (semovientes o res se moventes) o de ser movidas por una fuerza exterior (muebles propiamente dichos o res mobiles). Entre las primeras podemos citar a los animales, y entre las segundas, las joyas, las vestimentas, los alimentos, el mobiliario de una casa, etc.). Inmuebles. Cosas no susceptibles de ser trasladadas de un lugar a otro (ej.: terrenos, edificios, los objetos muebles convertidos en inmuebles por accesión, etc.). Por su determinación. Fungibles. Susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie y calidad y son apreciables por su peso, número o medida (ej.: un caballo, cien fanegas de trigo, diez metros de tela etc.). No fungibles. No susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie pues su grado de determinación no lo permite (ej.: el esclavo Sticus, el fundo Corneliano, etc.).

Annotation 3938394443020

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su materialidad.

a) Corporales. Objetos materiales que caen bajo la apreciación de los sentidos (ej.: un fundo, una nave, un esclavo, etcétera).
b) Incorporales. Derechos susceptibles de estimación, carentes de materialidad, que integran el patrimonio de una persona (ej.: de propiedad, de crédito, etc.). Constituyen una excepción a esta regla los derechos de familia, que no son susceptibles de estimación pecuniaria, quedando, en consecuencia, radiados del patrimonio

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DERECHOS REALES.
n valor pecuniario. Las cosa interesan bajo el punto de vista de su relación con las personas, que es lo que se denomina derechos (de propiedad, de uso y goce de usufructo etc.). CLASIFICACIÓN. Por su materialidad. a) Corporales. Objetos materiales que caen bajo la apreciación de los sentidos (ej.: un fundo, una nave, un esclavo, etcétera). b) Incorporales. Derechos susceptibles de estimación, carentes de materialidad, que integran el patrimonio de una persona (ej.: de propiedad, de crédito, etc.). Constituyen una excepción a esta regla los derechos de familia, que no son susceptibles de estimación pecuniaria, quedando, en consecuencia, radiados del patrimonio Por su comerciabilidad. In commercio. Pueden constituir el objeto de transacciones comerciales. También se les denomina res privata, singulorum o pecuniae. Extra commercium. Divini juri

Annotation 3938396802316

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su comerciabilidad.

In commercio. Pueden constituir el objeto de transacciones comerciales. También se les denomina res privata, singulorum o pecuniae.
Extra commercium.
1. Divini juris. Se les considera consagradas a los dioses, y son custodiadas por los sacerdotes. También reciben el nombre de res nullius, va que no son susceptibles de una apropiación humana. Podemos distinguir tres categorías.
  1. Res sacrae. Terrenos, edificios, iglesias y objetos dedicados al culto. Sólo pierden su carácter de tal por una ceremonia religiosa destinada a tal efecto.
  2. Res religiosae. Terrenos y monumentos adjuntos a los sepulcros. Se diferencian de las anteriores en que se hallan consagradas a los dioses manes, (antepasados fallecidos), a los cuales los romanos reverenciaban.
  3. Res sanctae. Aunque no son destinadas al culto de los dioses, quedan asimiladas a las divini juris por causa de interés público y son protegidas de los atentados de los hombres por sanciones penales. A esta categoría pertenecen los muros y puertas de la ciudad.
2. Humani juris. Las cosas que no caen bajo la denominación de divini juris.
  1. Res communes. En razón de su naturaleza, su apropiación es imposible, por los hombres, quedando su uso abierto a todos ellos (ej.: el aire, los ríos, los mares etc.).
  2. Res publicae. Su propiedad es exclusiva del pueblo romano y su uso común a todos los habitantes (ej.: los puertos, los caminos, etc.).
  3. Res universitatis. Pertenecientes a personas jurídicas o universitatis (municipios, corporaciones, etc.), pero que no son susceptibles de propiedad privada, siendo su uso común a todos (ej.: plazas, teatros, etc.).

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DERECHOS REALES.
ropiedad, de crédito, etc.). Constituyen una excepción a esta regla los derechos de familia, que no son susceptibles de estimación pecuniaria, quedando, en consecuencia, radiados del patrimonio Por su comerciabilidad. In commercio. Pueden constituir el objeto de transacciones comerciales. También se les denomina res privata, singulorum o pecuniae. Extra commercium. Divini juris. Se les considera consagradas a los dioses, y son custodiadas por los sacerdotes. También reciben el nombre de res nullius, va que no son susceptibles de una apropiación humana. Podemos distinguir tres categorías. a) Res sacrae. Terrenos, edificios, iglesias y objetos dedicados al culto. Sólo pierden su carácter de tal por una ceremonia religiosa destinada a tal efecto. h) Res religiosae. Terrenos y monumentos adjuntos a los sepulcros. Se diferencian de las anteriores en que se hallan consagradas a los dioses manes, (antepasados fallecidos), a los cuales los romanos reverenciaban. c) Res sanctae. Aunque no son destinadas al culto de los dioses, quedan asimiladas a las divini juris por causa de interés público y son protegidas de los atentados de los hombres por sanciones penales. A esta categoría pertenecen los muros y puertas de la ciudad. Humani juris. Definiéndolas por exclusión, podemos decir que son todas las cosas que no caen bajo la denominación de divini juris. Distinguiéndose tres categorías: Res communes. En razó

Annotation 3938400734476

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su ubicación.

Res mancipi. Cosas que podían ser adquiridas por mancipatio.
1. Fundos ubicados en Italia y en las regiones a las cuales se había concedido el jus italicum.
2. Servidumbres rurales establecidas sobre esas mismas fincas.
3. Esclavos.
4. Bestias de carga (bueyes, caballos, mulas, etc.).
Res nec mancipi. Todas las cosas no incluidas en la anterior categoría (fundos provinciales, bienes muebles, animales, etc.).

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DERECHOS REALES.
urídicas o universitatis (municipios, corporaciones, etc.), pero que, en razón de su destino, no son susceptibles de propiedad privada, siendo su uso común a todos (ej.: plazas, teatros, etc.). Por su ubicación. Res mancipi. Cosas que podían ser adquiridas por mancipatio (antes que ésta perdiera efectividad y fuese suprimida por Justiniano). Se hallan expresamente señaladas: Fundos ubicados en Italia y en las regiones a las cuales se había concedido el jus italicum. Servidumbres rurales establecidas sobre esas mismas fincas. Esclavos. Bestias de carga (bueyes, caballos, mulas, etc.). Res nec mancipi. En este rubro se ubican todas las cosas no incluidas en la anterior categoría (fundos provinciales, bienes muebles, animales, etc.). Por su pertenencia. Res nullius. Cosas no susceptibles de apropiación privada y cosas sin dueño. Res derelictae. Cosas abandonadas intencionalmente por su propietario. Por su movilidad.

Annotation 3938403093772

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su pertenencia.

Res nullius. Cosas no susceptibles de apropiación privada y cosas sin dueño.
Res derelictae. Cosas abandonadas intencionalmente por su propietario.

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DERECHOS REALES.
s de carga (bueyes, caballos, mulas, etc.). Res nec mancipi. En este rubro se ubican todas las cosas no incluidas en la anterior categoría (fundos provinciales, bienes muebles, animales, etc.). Por su pertenencia. Res nullius. Cosas no susceptibles de apropiación privada y cosas sin dueño. Res derelictae. Cosas abandonadas intencionalmente por su propietario. Por su movilidad. Muebles. Cosas susceptibles de moverse por sí misma (semovientes o res se moventes) o de ser movidas por una fuerza exterior (muebles propiamente dichos o res mobiles)

Annotation 3938405453068

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su movilidad.

Muebles.
1. Susceptibles de moverse por sí misma (semovientes o res se moventes) e.g. los animales
2. Suceptibles de ser movidas por una fuerza exterior (muebles propiamente dichos o res mobiles). e.g joyas, las vestimentas, los alimentos, el mobiliario de una casa, etc.
Inmuebles. Cosas no susceptibles de ser trasladadas de un lugar a otro (ej.: terrenos, edificios, los objetos muebles convertidos en inmuebles por accesión, etc.).

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DERECHOS REALES.
muebles, animales, etc.). Por su pertenencia. Res nullius. Cosas no susceptibles de apropiación privada y cosas sin dueño. Res derelictae. Cosas abandonadas intencionalmente por su propietario. Por su movilidad. Muebles. Cosas susceptibles de moverse por sí misma (semovientes o res se moventes) o de ser movidas por una fuerza exterior (muebles propiamente dichos o res mobiles). Entre las primeras podemos citar a los animales, y entre las segundas, las joyas, las vestimentas, los alimentos, el mobiliario de una casa, etc.). Inmuebles. Cosas no susceptibles de ser trasladadas de un lugar a otro (ej.: terrenos, edificios, los objetos muebles convertidos en inmuebles por accesión, etc.). Por su determinación. Fungibles. Susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie y calidad y son apreciables por su peso, número o medida (ej.: un caballo, cien f

Annotation 3938407812364

CLASIFICACIÓNES DE LA RES

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales

Por su determinación.

Fungibles. Susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie y calidad y son apreciables por su peso, número o medida (ej.: un caballo, cien fanegas de trigo, diez metros de tela etc.).
No fungibles. No susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie pues su grado de determinación no lo permite (ej.: el esclavo Sticus, el fundo Corneliano, etc.).

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DERECHOS REALES.
obiliario de una casa, etc.). Inmuebles. Cosas no susceptibles de ser trasladadas de un lugar a otro (ej.: terrenos, edificios, los objetos muebles convertidos en inmuebles por accesión, etc.). Por su determinación. Fungibles. Susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie y calidad y son apreciables por su peso, número o medida (ej.: un caballo, cien fanegas de trigo, diez metros de tela etc.). No fungibles. No susceptibles de ser sustituidas por otro individuo de la misma especie pues su grado de determinación no lo permite (ej.: el esclavo Sticus, el fundo Corneliano, etc.).

Annotation 3938410171660

LA POSESIÓN.

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

Habrá posesión cuando una persona, por sí o por otra, tenga una cosa bajo su poder con intención de someterla al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad. Es decir, es el dominio que una persona tiene sobre una cosa. Es un derecho independiente del derecho de propiedad, pero generalmente ambos existen en forma conjunta, pues es raro que el titular del derecho de propiedad no pueda disponer libremente del objeto sobre el cual aquél se ejercita.

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LA POSESIÓN.
Habrá posesión cuando una persona, por sí o por otra, tenga una cosa bajo su poder con intención de someterla al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad. Es decir, es el dominio que una persona tiene sobre una cosa. Es un derecho independiente del derecho de propiedad, pero generalmente ambos existen en forma conjunta, pues es raro que el titular del derecho de propiedad no pueda disponer libremente del objeto sobre el cual aquél se ejercita. DIFERENCIAS CON LA PROPIEDAD. Mientras la propiedad es un derecho reconocido y protegido por el derecho civil, la posesión es un mero hecho al que, por razones de utilidad, termina por

Annotation 3938412530956

LA POSESIÓN.

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

DIFERENCIAS DE LA POSESIÓN CON LA PROPIEDAD.

Mientras la propiedad es un derecho reconocido y protegido por el derecho civil, la posesión es un mero hecho al que, por razones de utilidad, termina por protegerse de una manera similar a aquélla (interdictos posesorios).
Puede haber propiedad sin posesión (como cuando la cosa se halla en poder de un tercero, que la tiene con ánimo de dueño).
Asimismo puede existir posesión sin propiedad (como cuando se tiene la cosa con ánimo de dueño, pero sin derecho a su propiedad).
En tanto la propiedad se halla protegida por acciones reales, la posesión es sancionada por los interdictos posesorios.

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LA POSESIÓN.
ho de propiedad, pero generalmente ambos existen en forma conjunta, pues es raro que el titular del derecho de propiedad no pueda disponer libremente del objeto sobre el cual aquél se ejercita. DIFERENCIAS CON LA PROPIEDAD. Mientras la propiedad es un derecho reconocido y protegido por el derecho civil, la posesión es un mero hecho al que, por razones de utilidad, termina por protegerse de una manera similar a aquélla (interdictos posesorios). Puede haber propiedad sin posesión (como cuando la cosa se halla en poder de un tercero, que la tiene con ánimo de dueño). Asimismo puede existir posesión sin propiedad (como cuando se tiene la cosa con ánimo de dueño, pero sin derecho a su propiedad). En tanto la propiedad se halla protegida por acciones reales, la posesión es sancionada por los interdictos posesorios. DIFERENCIAS CON LA SIMPLE TENENCIA. Mientras la tenencia consiste en la detentación (retener lo que no te pertenece) material de una cosa (corpus), pero reconociendo la propiedad de otr

Annotation 3938414890252

LA POSESIÓN.

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

DIFERENCIAS DE LA POSESIÓN CON LA SIMPLE TENENCIA.

Mientras la tenencia consiste en la detentación (retener lo que no te pertenece) material de una cosa (corpus), pero reconociendo la propiedad de otro (ej.: depósito, locación, comodato, etc.), la posesión importa la tenencia (corpus) más el animus (intensión de someter la cosa al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad).

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LA POSESIÓN.
do se tiene la cosa con ánimo de dueño, pero sin derecho a su propiedad). En tanto la propiedad se halla protegida por acciones reales, la posesión es sancionada por los interdictos posesorios. DIFERENCIAS CON LA SIMPLE TENENCIA. Mientras la tenencia consiste en la detentación (retener lo que no te pertenece) material de una cosa (corpus), pero reconociendo la propiedad de otro (ej.: depósito, locación, comodato, etc.), la posesión importa la tenencia (corpus) más el animus (intensión de someter la cosa al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad). ELEMENTOS DE LA POSESIÓN. Material (corpus). Detentación material de una cosa por parte del poseedor o posibilidad física de disponer de ella, con exclusión de otra persona. Psíquico (a

Annotation 3938417249548

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

ELEMENTOS DE LA POSESIÓN.

Material (corpus). Detentación material de una cosa por parte del poseedor o posibilidad física de disponer de ella, con exclusión de otra persona.
Psíquico (animus). Intención y voluntad del poseedor, de retener a nombre propio una cosa, sometiéndola al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad. Es lo que se denomina también animus domini.

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LA POSESIÓN.
do la propiedad de otro (ej.: depósito, locación, comodato, etc.), la posesión importa la tenencia (corpus) más el animus (intensión de someter la cosa al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad). ELEMENTOS DE LA POSESIÓN. Material (corpus). Detentación material de una cosa por parte del poseedor o posibilidad física de disponer de ella, con exclusión de otra persona. Psíquico (animus). Intención y voluntad del poseedor, de retener a nombre propio una cosa, sometiéndola al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad. Es lo que se denomina también animus dom ini. TUTELA POSESORIA. Hemos dicho ya que, pese a que la tutela era un simple hecho, fue protegida en le derecho romano por causas de utilidad pública y privada. A estos efectos se crearon l

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LA POSESIÓN.

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

TUTELA POSESORIA.

Hemos dicho ya que, pese a que la tutela era un simple hecho, fue protegida en le derecho romano por causas de utilidad pública y privada. A estos efectos se crearon los interdictos posesorios.

OBJETO DE LA TUTELA POSESORIA.

Sólo pueden constituir el objeto de la posesión, las cosas corporales, susceptibles de propiedad privada. Quedan, pues, radiados de su esfera las cosas dívini juris, las res commune, publicae y universitatis, y también los bienes incorporales.

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LA POSESIÓN.
a. Psíquico (animus). Intención y voluntad del poseedor, de retener a nombre propio una cosa, sometiéndola al ejercicio de un derecho de propiedad. Es lo que se denomina también animus dom ini. TUTELA POSESORIA. Hemos dicho ya que, pese a que la tutela era un simple hecho, fue protegida en le derecho romano por causas de utilidad pública y privada. A estos efectos se crearon los interdictos posesorios. OBJETO DE LA TUTELA POSESORIA. Sólo pueden constituir el objeto de la posesión, las cosas corporales, susceptibles de propiedad privada. Quedan, pues, radiados de su esfera las cosas dívini juris, las res commune, publicae y universitatis, y también los bienes incorporales. MODO DE ADQUISICIÓN DE LA POSESIÓN. La adquisición de la posesión presupone el hecho material y la intención (corpore et animo). Para que el primer requisito se considere cumplido, no e

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LA POSESIÓN.

#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

MODO DE ADQUISICIÓN DE LA POSESIÓN.

La adquisición de la posesión presupone el hecho material y la intención (corpore et animo). Para que el primer requisito se considere cumplido, no se necesita el contacto directo entre el poseedor y el objeto. Basta que éste se halle a disposición de el (ej.: el adquirente de un fundo no necesitaría poner el pie sobre el mismo).

En un principio se exigía que ambos elementos constitutivos (corpus et animus) se encontrasen reunidos en una misma persona, pero a partir del siglo III se admite que existiendo el animus en el poseedor, el elemento material de la posesión se puede adquirir por un tercero.

Las personas incapaces de realizar una manifestación de voluntad válida (impúberes, dementes, corporaciones, municipio: etc.), no podían adquirir la posesión; para suplir este inconveniente se admitió que, obrando sus tutores, curadores, o representantes, en nombre de sus representados, pudiesen éstos adquirir la posesión, aunque animus en ellos no se pudiese concebir. La posesión podía adquirirse por mancipatio o tradición.

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LA POSESIÓN.
as cosas corporales, susceptibles de propiedad privada. Quedan, pues, radiados de su esfera las cosas dívini juris, las res commune, publicae y universitatis, y también los bienes incorporales. MODO DE ADQUISICIÓN DE LA POSESIÓN. La adquisición de la posesión presupone el hecho material y la intención (corpore et animo). Para que el primer requisito se considere cumplido, no es menester el contacto directo entre el poseedor y el objeto, pues basta que éste se halle a disposición de aquél (ej.: el adquirente de un fundo no necesitaría poner el pie sobre el mismo). En un principio se exigía que ambos elementos constitutivos (corpus et animus) se encontrasen reunidos en una misma persona, pero a partir del siglo III se admite que existiendo el animus en el poseedor, el elemento material de la posesión se puede adquirir por un tercero. Por otra parte, las personas incapaces de realizar una manifestación de voluntad válida (impúberes, dementes, corporaciones, municipio: etc.), no podían adquirir la posesión; para suplir este inconveniente se admitió que, obrando sus tutores, curadores, o representantes, en nombre de sus representados, pudiesen éstos adquirir la posesión, aunque animus en ellos no se pudiese concebir. La posesión podía adquirirse por mancipatio o tradición. PERDIDA DE LA POSESIÓN. La posesión puede perderse cuando dejan de existir ambos elementos, como ocurría en el caso de que la cosa pereciera o se trasmitiera a un tercero o cuando el po

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#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

PERDIDA DE LA POSESIÓN.

La posesión puede perderse cuando dejan de existir ambos elementos (corpues et animus), como ocurría en el caso de que la cosa pereciera o se trasmitiera a un tercero o cuando el poseedor pierde alguno de ellos.

De esta manera puede suceder que:

Se pierda la posesión solo animo. Que el poseedor se halla hecho el firme propósito de renunciar a ella. Así, si el propietario de una cosa la ha enajenado, quedándose con ella por otro título, por ejemplo como inquilino, ya no posee, sino que detenta la simple tenencia de la cosa.
Se pierda solo corpore. Que el poseedor quede privado de la disposición material de la cosa, conservando el animus. Así, si el propietario de una cosa la ha perdido o ésta le ha sido sustraída, pero no cuando ha sido entregada a un tercero en confianza, por ejemplo en locación o comodato, pues en este caso se dice que posee animo suo, corpore alieno, pues el tercero detenta la cosa por cuenta del poseedor, que es quien tiene el animus.

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LA POSESIÓN.
s, o representantes, en nombre de sus representados, pudiesen éstos adquirir la posesión, aunque animus en ellos no se pudiese concebir. La posesión podía adquirirse por mancipatio o tradición. PERDIDA DE LA POSESIÓN. La posesión puede perderse cuando dejan de existir ambos elementos, como ocurría en el caso de que la cosa pereciera o se trasmitiera a un tercero o cuando el poseedor pierde alguno de ellos. De esta manera puede suceder que: Se pierda la posesión solo animo, es decir, que el poseedor se halla hecho el firme propósito de renunciar a ella. Así, si el propietario de una cosa la ha enajenado, quedándose con ella por otro título, por ejemplo como inquilino, ya no posee, sino que detenta la simple tenencia de la cosa. Se pierda solo corpore, es decir, que el poseedor quede privado de la disposición material de la cosa, conservando el animus. Así, si el propietario de una cosa la ha perdido o ésta le ha sido sustraída, pero no cuando ha sido entregada a un tercero en confianza, por ejemplo en locación o comodato, pues en este caso se dice que posee animo suo, corpore alieno, pues el tercero detenta la cosa por cuenta del poseedor, que es quien tiene el animus. POSESION VICIOSA Se dice que la posesión es viciosa, cuando ha sido adquirida por: Violencia. Por la fuerza. El legítimo poseedor o propietario dispone de su favor, para recuperarla, de

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#Derecho-Romano #derechos-patrimoniales #posesion

POSESION VICIOSA

Se dice que la posesión es viciosa, cuando ha sido adquirida por:

Violencia. Por la fuerza. El legítimo poseedor o propietario dispone de su favor, para recuperarla, de los interdictos unde vi quotidiana (si la exclusión se ha realizado sin armas) o unde vi arma/a (cuando ha sido a mano armada).
Clandestinidad. Por engaño, es decir, sorprendiendo la buena fe de quien tenga derecho a la posesión. Para recuperarla, se conceden a éste el interdicto clandestinae possessionis.
Precariedad. Retención indebida y abusiva de una cosa, que una persona detentaba por un título precario (locación, comodato, precario, depósito, etc.).

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LA POSESIÓN.
fianza, por ejemplo en locación o comodato, pues en este caso se dice que posee animo suo, corpore alieno, pues el tercero detenta la cosa por cuenta del poseedor, que es quien tiene el animus. POSESION VICIOSA Se dice que la posesión es viciosa, cuando ha sido adquirida por: Violencia. Por la fuerza. El legítimo poseedor o propietario dispone de su favor, para recuperarla, de los interdictos unde vi quotidiana (si la exclusión se ha realizado sin armas) o unde vi arma/a (cuando ha sido a mano armada). Clandestinidad. Por engaño, es decir, sorprendiendo la buena fe de quien tenga derecho a la posesión. Para recuperarla, se conceden a éste el interdicto clandestinae possessionis. Precariedad. Retención indebida y abusiva de una cosa, que una persona detentaba por un título precario (locación, comodato, precario, depósito, etc.).

Annotation 3938434551052

#strategy

four approaches to building a breakthrough strategy:

Contrast. Braking industry paradigms.
Combination. Combining unprecedented things. (Nike & Ipod)
Constraint. Convirtiendo debilidades en fortalezas.
Context. Utilizando soluciones que sirven en otro contexto (e.g. Biomimética)

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy
In this article I explore four approaches to building a breakthrough strategy: Contrast. The strategist should identify—and challenge—the assumptions undergirding the company’s or the industry’s status quo. This is the most direct and often the most powerful way to reinvent a business. Combination. Steve Jobs famously said that creativity is “just connecting things”; many smart business moves come from linking products or services that seem independent from or even in tension with one another. Constraint. A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths. Context. If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours was solved in an entirely different context, surprising insights may emerge.

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy:

#strategy

Combination.

Steve Jobs famously said that creativity is “just connecting things”; many smart business moves come from linking products or services that seem independent from or even in tension with one another.

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy
strategist should identify—and challenge—the assumptions undergirding the company’s or the industry’s status quo. This is the most direct and often the most powerful way to reinvent a business. Combination. Steve Jobs famously said that creativity is “just connecting things”; many smart business moves come from linking products or services that seem independent from or even in tension with one another. Constraint. A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths. Context. If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours wa

Annotation 3938442415372

Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy:

#strategy

Constraint.

A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths.

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy
Jobs famously said that creativity is “just connecting things”; many smart business moves come from linking products or services that seem independent from or even in tension with one another. Constraint. A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths. Context. If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours was solved in an entirely different context, surprising insights may emerge.

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy:

#strategy

Context.

If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours was solved in an entirely different context, surprising insights may emerge. (Biomimetic)

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Approaches to Building a Breakthrough Strategy
ices that seem independent from or even in tension with one another. Constraint. A good strategist looks at an organization’s limitations and considers how they might actually become strengths. Context. If you reflect on how a problem similar to yours was solved in an entirely different context, surprising insights may emerge.

Annotation 3938453425420

место занятий – как, скажем, тихий закуток библиотеки, в котором почти нет отвлекающих сигналов, – творит чудеса с прокрастинацией. Исследования подтверждают, что специально отведенное для работы место очень помогает сосредоточению

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Позитивный подход к прокрастинации «Я всегда говорю студентам, что прокрастинировать можно, если соблюдать три правила: 1. Не подходите к компьютеру во время прокрастинации – он отнимает бездну времени

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Annotation 3938456571148

2. Перед прокрастинацией выберите самую легкую задачу из домашних заданий (решать ее пока не нужно). 3. Перепишите уравнения, необходимые для решения этой задачи, на небольшой лист бумаги и носите его с собой, пока не закончите прокрастинировать и не решите вернуться к занятиям. Я обнаружила, что такой подход очень полезен, поскольку задача в это время обдумывается в рассеянном режиме – студенты над ней работают даже во время прокрастинации».

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#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho #diap-60

Pensadores En Francia:

Jean Bodin
Antoine de Montchrétien
John Law
Richard Cantillon
Jean Baptiste Colbert

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C).- El Mercantilismo:
Pensadores En Francia: Jean Bodin Antoine de Montchrétien John Law Richard Cantillon Jean Baptiste Colbert Colbert, se destacó como ministro de finanzas de Luis XIV, desarrolló una política interna de autosuficiencia, y orientó el comercio exterior a obtener de las otras naciones pagos en li

Annotation 3938463911180

Jean Baptist Colbert

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho #diap-60

Tal fue su participación en los negocios que al mercantilismo francés se le denomina Colbertismo

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

MANCIPATIO.

Medio formal de adquirir la propiedad. Es una venta simbólica que se realiza por el procedimiento per aes et libram. Tanto el comprador como el vendedor comparecían ante un libripens y cinco testigos púberes y ciudadanos. La cosa, objeto de venta, debía estar presente en el mismo momento, salvo que se tratare de inmuebles.

FORMA DEL MANCIPATIO

El adquirente toma la cosa y declara ser propietario de ella, según las disposiciones del derecho civil al par que pronuncia la nuncupatio (declaración consistente en ciertas fórmulas preestablecidas por el jus civile). Al mismo tiempo, con un pequeño trozo de cobre golpeaba la balanza y lo entregaba al enajenante, en símbolo de precio abonado.

El Mancipatio transfiere inmediatamente la propiedad del objeto, pero no su posesión, lo que solo obtiene cuando le es entregado. Si el enajenante se niega a transferirlo, puede el comprador ejercer contra él la rei vindicatio.

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Annotation 3938468629772

ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

INJURE CESSIO.

Al igual que la anterior, su origen se remota hasta épocas anteriores la Ley de las XII tablas. Se diferencia de la mancipatio en que debe realizarse ante un magistrado, es decir, injure (el pretor en Roma el presidente en las provincias) y puede ser su objeto tanto cosas mancipi como nec mancipi.

La cosa debe estar presente, pero siendo inmueble, basta que esté un fragmento de ella. El adquirente pone su mano sobre la cosa, afirmando ser propietario según el jus civile; ante esta declaración, el magistrado interroga al enajenante acerca de si tiene algún reparo que oponer, y si éste responde negativamente, sanciona la operación, concediendo la propiedad al comprador.

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.
mente la propiedad del objeto, pero no su posesión, lo que solo obtiene cuando le es entregado. Si el enajenante se niega a transferirlo, puede el comprador ejercer contra él la rei vindicatio. INJURE CESSIO. Al igual que la anterior, su origen se remota hasta épocas anteriores la Ley de las XII tablas. Se diferencia de la mancipatio en que debe realizarse ante un magistrado, es decir, injure (el pretor en Roma el presidente en las provincias) y puede ser su objeto tanto cosas mancipi como nec mancipi. La cosa debe estar presente, pero siendo inmueble, basta que esté un fragmento de ella. El adquirente pone su mano sobre la cosa, afirmando ser propietario según el jus civile; ante esta declaración, el magistrado interroga al enajenante acerca de si tiene algún reparo que oponer, y si éste responde negativamente, sanciona la operación, concediendo la propiedad al comprador. USUCAPIÓN. Concepto. Adquisición de la propiedad de una cosa, por la posesión continuad durante el lapso fijado por la ley. Requisitos: Justo título y buena fe. Que la posesión de la co

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

USUCAPIÓN.

Adquisición de la propiedad de una cosa, por la posesión continua durante el lapso fijado por la ley.

Requisitos:

Justo título y buena fe. Que la posesión de la cosa no sea viciosa, es decir, adquirida por violencia, en forma clandestina u obtenida por un título precario.
Tiempo fijado por la ley.
Que sea continuada. Es decir, que no sea interrumpida por alguna de las causales determinadas por la ley.

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.
ta declaración, el magistrado interroga al enajenante acerca de si tiene algún reparo que oponer, y si éste responde negativamente, sanciona la operación, concediendo la propiedad al comprador. USUCAPIÓN. Concepto. Adquisición de la propiedad de una cosa, por la posesión continuad durante el lapso fijado por la ley. Requisitos: Justo título y buena fe. Que la posesión de la cosa no sea viciosa, es decir, adquirida por violencia, en forma clandestina u obtenida por un título precario. Tiempo fijado por la ley. Que sea continuada. Es decir, que no sea interrumpida por alguna de las causales determinadas por la ley. EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN EPOCA CLASICA. El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hu

Annotation 3938473348364

ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

FORMAS DE ADQUISICION DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

MANCIPATIO. Adquisición formal
INJURE CESSIO. Adquisición formal ante un magistrado (injure).
USUCAPIÓN. Adquisición de la propiedad por la posesión continua

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.
MANCIPATIO. Medio formal de adquirir la propiedad. Es una venta simbólica que se realiza por el procedimiento per aes et libram. Tanto el comprador como el vendedor comparecían ante un libripens y cinco testigos púberes y ciudadanos. La cosa, objeto de venta, debía estar presente en el mismo momento, salvo que se tratare de inmuebles. El adquirente toma la cosa y declara ser propietario de ella, según las disposiciones del derecho civil al par que pronuncia la nuncupatio (declaración consistente en ciertas fórmulas preestablecidas por el jus civile). Al mismo tiempo, con un pequeño trozo de cobre golpeaba la balanza y lo entregaba al enajenante, en sím bolo de precio abonado. Trasfiere inmediatamente la propiedad del objeto, pero no su posesión, lo que solo obtiene cuando le es entregado. Si el enajenante se niega a transferirlo, puede el comprador ejercer contra él la rei vindicatio. INJURE CESSIO. Al igual que la anterior, su origen se remota hasta épocas anteriores la Ley de las XII tablas. Se diferencia de la mancipatio en que debe realizarse ante un magistrado, es decir, injure (el pretor en Roma el presidente en las provincias) y puede ser su objeto tanto cosas mancipi como nec mancipi. La cosa debe estar presente, pero siendo inmueble, basta que esté un fragmento de ella. El adquirente pone su mano sobre la cosa, afirmando ser propietario según el jus civile; ante esta declaración, el magistrado interroga al enajenante acerca de si tiene algún reparo que oponer, y si éste responde negativamente, sanciona la operación, concediendo la propiedad al comprador. USUCAPIÓN. Concepto. Adquisición de la propiedad de una cosa, por la posesión continuad durante el lapso fijado por la ley. Requisitos: Justo título y buena fe. Que la posesión de la cosa no sea viciosa, es decir, adquirida por violencia, en forma clandestina u obtenida por un título precario. Tiempo fijado por la ley. Que sea continuada. Es decir, que no sea interrumpida por alguna de las causales determinadas por la ley. EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN EPOCA CLASICA. El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hu

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#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN

EPOCA CLASICA. El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hubiese sido echa por mancipatio o injure cessio. Asimismo hace adquirir la propiedad al poseedor de buena fe, que hubiese obtenido la cosa de una persona que no es su propietario. En este caso, se castiga la negligencia del verdadero propietario, al par que sanea y pone término a las propiedades inciertas. Pueden ser objeto de usucapión todas las res mancipi corporales, susceptibles de apropiación privada. Por contrario, no pueden serlo:
1. las cosas divini juris;
2. cierto tipo de cosas humani juris (res comune, res publicae, y res universitatis);
3. los hombres libres;
4. los fundos provinciales, en los que no se concibe el dominium ex jure quiritium;
5. las cosas expresamente prohibidas por la ley:
  1. Res furtivae (cosas robadas). La Ley de las XII Tablas establecía que no podían usucapirse estas cosas.
  2. Res vi possessae (cosas obtenidas por la violencia).
  3. Prediae rus tica vel suburbana (predios rústicos pertenecientes a menores de veinticinco años). Pues si estas persona tienen prohibida la enajenación de sus bienes, y la usucapión es un medio de enajenar indirectamente.
  4. Res mancipi pertenecientes a mujeres sujetas a tutela perpetua de sus agnados, salvo autorización de su tutor.
  5. Prescriptio longi temporis. Es un medio de defensa otorgando a los poseedores de fundos provinciales (que carecen de la usucapión), a fin de permitirles rechazar las acciones in rem intentadas contra ellos. En principio sólo tuvo por objeto inmuebles, pero luego, en tiempos de Antonio de Caracalla, se concedió también a los poseedores de bienes muebles. Se halla sometida a las mismas condiciones que la usucapión, salvo expresa disposición en contrario, como, ejemplo, su tiempo de duración, que en materia de praescritio longi temporis se eleva a diez años entre presentes y veinte entre ausentes, se trate de bienes muebles o inmuebles.
EPOCA DE JUSTINIANO. La concesión de la ciudadanía a todos los habitantes del imperio y la supresión de las diferencias entre las res mancipi y res nec mancipí termina-ron por hacer inútil y superflua la existencia de dos ordenamientos so-metidos a idénticas normas. Por ello Justiniano en el año 531 fundió en una sola reglamentación las disposiciones vigentes relativas a la usucapion y la praescriptio longi temporis: Son conservadas todas la reglas referentes a la usucapion en cuanto no sean expresamente modificadas por las nuevas disposiciones. Permite usucapir al poseedor de mala fe, si en principio ha existido en el buena fe (ej.: el comodatario que habiendo recibido una cosa en préstamo termina por quedarse con ella con animus de propiedad sin autorización del propietario). Así mismo extiende el término de la usucapion, estableciendo que sea de diez años entre presentes y de veinte entre ausentes, sean las cosas muebles o inmuebles.
1. PRAESCRIPTIO LONGISSIMI TEMPORIS. Es llamada también prescripción de treinta años en atención al lapso de tiempo que ella debía durar, fue establecida por una constitución de Teodosio II, la cual dispuso que todas las acciones reales o personales sea cual sea su origen quedase extinguida por el transcurso, ininterrumpido de 30 años, la única excepción a esta regla es la acción hipotecaria.
2. ADJUDICATIO Facultad concedida al juez en los juicios divisorios de dar a cada uno de los litigantes la parte que les corresponde. Tiene lugar únicamente en acciones de partición y adjudicación de condominio, es decir:
  1. a) Actio comuni dividundo. Acción indicada por los condóminos, para obtener la partición de aquello de que son propietarios en común.
  2. b) Actio familia erciscundae. Acción que compete a los herederos, para obtener la div

...

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.
ncia, en forma clandestina u obtenida por un título precario. Tiempo fijado por la ley. Que sea continuada. Es decir, que no sea interrumpida por alguna de las causales determinadas por la ley. EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN EPOCA CLASICA. El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hubiese sido echa por mancipatio o injure cessio. Asimismo hace adquirir la propiedad al poseedor de buena fe, que hubiese obtenido la cosa de una persona que no es su propietario. En este caso, se castiga la negligencia del verdadero propietario, al par que sanea y pone término a las propiedades inciertas. Pueden ser objeto de usucapión todas las res mancipi corporales, susceptibles de apropiación privada. Por contrario, no pueden serlo: las cosas divini juris; cierto tipo de cosas humani juris (res comune, res publicae, y res universitatis); los hombres libres; los fundos provinciales, en los que no se concibe el dominium ex jure quiritium; las cosas expresamente prohibidas por la ley: Res furtivae (cosas robadas). La Ley de las XII Tablas establecía que no podían usucapirse estas cosas. Res vi possessae (cosas obtenidas por la violencia). Prediae rus tica vel suburbana (predios rústicos pertenecientes a menores de veinticinco años). Pues si estas persona tienen prohibida la enajenación de sus bienes, y la usucapión es un medio de enajenar indirectamente. Res mancipi pertenecientes a mujeres sujetas a tutela perpetua de sus agnados, salvo autorización de su tutor. Prescriptio longi temporis. Es un medio de defensa otorgando a los poseedores de fundos provinciales (que carecen de la usucapión), a fin de permitirles rechazar las acciones in rem intentadas contra ellos. En principio sólo tuvo por objeto inmuebles, pero luego, en tiempos de Antonio de Caracalla, se concedió también a los poseedores de bienes muebles. Se halla sometida a las mismas condiciones que la usucapión, salvo expresa disposición en contrario, como, ejemplo, su tiempo de duración, que en materia de praescritio longi temporis se eleva a diez años entre presentes y veinte entre ausentes, se trate de bienes muebles o inmuebles. EPOCA DE JUSTINIANO. La concesión de la ciudadanía a todos los habitantes del imperio y la supresión de las diferencias entre las res mancipi y res nec mancipí termina-ron por hacer inútil y superflua la existencia de dos ordenamientos so-metidos a idénticas normas. Por ello Justiniano en el año 531 fundió en una sola reglamentación las disposiciones vigentes relativas a la usucapion y la praescriptio longi temporis: Son conservadas todas la reglas referentes a la usucapion en cuanto no sean expresamente modificadas por las nuevas disposiciones. Permite usucapir al poseedor de mala fe, si en principio ha existido en el buena fe (ej.: el comodatario que habiendo recibido una cosa en préstamo termina por quedarse con ella con animus de propiedad sin autorización del propietario). Así mismo extiende el término de la usucapion, estableciendo que sea de diez años entre presentes y de veinte entre ausentes, sean las cosas muebles o inmuebles. PRAESCRIPTIO LONGISSIMI TEMPORIS. Es llamada también prescripción de treinta años en atención al lapso de tiempo que ella debía durar, fue establecida por una constitución de Teodosio II, la cual dispuso que todas las acciones reales o personales sea cual sea su origen quedase extinguida por el transcurso, ininterrumpido de 30 años, la única excepción a esta regla es la acción hipotecaria. ADJUDICATIO Facultad concedida al juez en los juicios divisorios de dar a cada uno de los litigantes la parte que les corresponde. Tiene lugar únicamente en acciones de partición y adjudicación de condominio, es decir: a) Actio comuni dividundo. Acción indicada por los condóminos, para obtener la partición de aquello de que son propietarios en común. b) Actio familia erciscundae. Acción que compete a los herederos, para obtener la división del acervo sucesorio. c) Actiofinium regundorum. Acción concedida a los vecinos de fundos cuyos limites se hallan confundidos, para obtener el deslinde. LEX. Cuando una persona adquiere la propiedad de una cosa, por solo imperio de la ley (ej.: cuando ella concede la mitad de un tesoro al descubridor y la otra mitad al dueño del fundo donde ha sido encontrado o al Estado, si ha sido hallado en tierras fiscales o bienes de dominio público).

Annotation 3938478853388

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN

EPOCA CLASICA. El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hubiese sido echa por mancipatio o injure cessio.
EPOCA DE JUSTINIANO. La concesión de la ciudadanía a todos los habitantes del imperio y la supresión de las diferencias entre las res mancipi y res nec mancipí terminaron por hacer inútil y superflua la existencia de dos ordenamientos sometidos a idénticas normas.

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Annotation 3938481212684

ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

EVOLUCIÓN DEL USUCAPIÓN

EPOCA CLASICA.

El propietario in bonis de una cosa, puede adquirirla ex jure quiritium, por usucapión, quedando consolidado su derecho, como si la adquisición hubiese sido echa por mancipatio o injure cessio.

También hace adquirir la propiedad al poseedor de buena fe, que hubiese obtenido la cosa de una persona que no es su propietario. En este caso, se castiga la negligencia del verdadero propietario, al par que sanea y pone término a las propiedades inciertas.

Pueden ser objeto de usucapión todas las res mancipi corporales, susceptibles de apropiación privada.

No pueden ser objeto de usucapión:

las cosas divini juris;
cierto tipo de cosas humani juris (res comune, res publicae, y res universitatis);
los hombres libres;
los fundos provinciales, en los que no se concibe el dominium ex jure quiritium;
las cosas expresamente prohibidas por la ley:
1. Res furtivae (cosas robadas). La Ley de las XII Tablas establecía que no podían usucapirse estas cosas.
2. Res vi possessae (cosas obtenidas por la violencia).
3. Prediae rus tica vel suburbana (predios rústicos pertenecientes a menores de veinticinco años). Pues si estas persona tienen prohibida la enajenación de sus bienes, y la usucapión es un medio de enajenar indirectamente.
4. Res mancipi pertenecientes a mujeres sujetas a tutela perpetua de sus agnados, salvo autorización de su tutor.
5. Prescriptio longi temporis. Es un medio de defensa otorgando a los poseedores de fundos provinciales (que carecen de la usucapión), a fin de permitirles rechazar las acciones in rem intentadas contra ellos. En principio sólo tuvo por objeto inmuebles, pero luego, en tiempos de Antonio de Caracalla, se concedió también a los poseedores de bienes muebles. Se halla sometida a las mismas condiciones que la usucapión, salvo expresa disposición en contrario, como, ejemplo, su tiempo de duración, que en materia de praescritio longi temporis se eleva a diez años entre presentes y veinte entre ausentes, se trate de bienes muebles o inmuebles.

status	not read	reprioritisations
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Annotation 3938833272076

ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.

#Derecho-Romano #adquisicion-por-derecho-civil #clasificacion-de-la-propiedad #la-propiedad

EVOLUCIÓN DE LA USUCAPACIÓN

EPOCA DE JUSTINIANO.

La concesión de la ciudadanía a todos los habitantes del imperio y la supresión de las diferencias entre las res mancipi y res nec mancipí terminaron por hacer inútil y superflua la existencia de dos ordenamientos sometidos a idénticas normas. Por ello Justiniano en el año 531 fundió en una sola reglamentación las disposiciones vigentes relativas a la usucapion y la praescriptio longi temporis: Son conservadas todas la reglas referentes a la usucapion en cuanto no sean expresamente modificadas por las nuevas disposiciones.

Permite usucapir al poseedor de mala fe, si en principio ha existido en el buena fe (ej.: el comodatario que habiendo recibido una cosa en préstamo termina por quedarse con ella con animus de propiedad sin autorización del propietario). Así mismo extiende el término de la usucapion, estableciendo que sea de diez años entre presentes y de veinte entre ausentes, sean las cosas muebles o inmuebles.

PRAESCRIPTIO LONGISSIMI TEMPORIS. Es llamada también prescripción de treinta años por el lapso de tiempo que ella debía durar, fue establecida por una constitución de Teodosio II, la cual dispuso que todas las acciones reales o personales sea cual sea su origen quedase extinguida por el transcurso, ininterrumpido de 30 años, la única excepción a esta regla es la acción hipotecaria.
ADJUDICATIO Facultad concedida al juez en los juicios divisorios de dar a cada uno de los litigantes la parte que les corresponde. Tiene lugar únicamente en acciones de partición y adjudicación de condominio, es decir:
1. a) Actio comuni dividundo. Acción indicada por los condóminos, para obtener la partición de aquello de que son propietarios en común.
2. b) Actio familia erciscundae. Acción que compete a los herederos, para obtener la división del acervo sucesorio.
3. c) Actiofinium regundorum. Acción concedida a los vecinos de fundos cuyos limites se hallan confundidos, para obtener el deslinde.
LEX. Cuando una persona adquiere la propiedad de una cosa, por solo imperio de la ley (ej.: cuando ella concede la mitad de un tesoro al descubridor y la otra mitad al dueño del fundo donde ha sido encontrado o al Estado, si ha sido hallado en tierras fiscales o bienes de dominio público).

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ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD POR EL DERECHO CIVIL.
ntrario, como, ejemplo, su tiempo de duración, que en materia de praescritio longi temporis se eleva a diez años entre presentes y veinte entre ausentes, se trate de bienes muebles o inmuebles. EPOCA DE JUSTINIANO. La concesión de la ciudadanía a todos los habitantes del imperio y la supresión de las diferencias entre las res mancipi y res nec mancipí termina-ron por hacer inútil y superflua la existencia de dos ordenamientos so-metidos a idénticas normas. Por ello Justiniano en el año 531 fundió en una sola reglamentación las disposiciones vigentes relativas a la usucapion y la praescriptio longi temporis: Son conservadas todas la reglas referentes a la usucapion en cuanto no sean expresamente modificadas por las nuevas disposiciones. Permite usucapir al poseedor de mala fe, si en principio ha existido en el buena fe (ej.: el comodatario que habiendo recibido una cosa en préstamo termina por quedarse con ella con animus de propiedad sin autorización del propietario). Así mismo extiende el término de la usucapion, estableciendo que sea de diez años entre presentes y de veinte entre ausentes, sean las cosas muebles o inmuebles. PRAESCRIPTIO LONGISSIMI TEMPORIS. Es llamada también prescripción de treinta años en atención al lapso de tiempo que ella debía durar, fue establecida por una constitución de Teodosio II, la cual dispuso que todas las acciones reales o personales sea cual sea su origen quedase extinguida por el transcurso, ininterrumpido de 30 años, la única excepción a esta regla es la acción hipotecaria. ADJUDICATIO Facultad concedida al juez en los juicios divisorios de dar a cada uno de los litigantes la parte que les corresponde. Tiene lugar únicamente en acciones de partición y adjudicación de condominio, es decir: a) Actio comuni dividundo. Acción indicada por los condóminos, para obtener la partición de aquello de que son propietarios en común. b) Actio familia erciscundae. Acción que compete a los herederos, para obtener la división del acervo sucesorio. c) Actiofinium regundorum. Acción concedida a los vecinos de fundos cuyos limites se hallan confundidos, para obtener el deslinde. LEX. Cuando una persona adquiere la propiedad de una cosa, por solo imperio de la ley (ej.: cuando ella concede la mitad de un tesoro al descubridor y la otra mitad al dueño del fundo donde ha sido encontrado o al Estado, si ha sido hallado en tierras fiscales o bienes de dominio público).

Annotation 3938836942092

LAS LIMITACIONES DE DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #limitaciones-derecho-de-propiedad

POR CAUSA DE VECINDAD.

Actio aquae pluviae arcendae. Acción que compete al propietario de un fundo rústico, por alteración del curso natural de las aguas de lluvia efectuada por el vecino, cuando esas aguas puedan dañar dicho fundo. Tienden a restablecer las cosas a su estado anterior.
Actio damni infecti. Acción que compete al vecino de un edificio que amenaza ruina, contra el propietario de éste, a efecto de obtener fianza contra los daños temidos (que podría ocasionar el edificio al derrumbarse), si el propietario se negase a repararlo.
Actio novi operis. Acción que se ejercita contra el que se ha obligado a no ejecutar ninguna obra nueva que cambie las vistas o prive de luz al fundo de un vecino y falta a su palabra.
Actio finium regundorum. Acción que compete a los propietarios de dos fundos linderos, para solicitar la determinación de limites (espacio de cinco pies, dos y medio a cada lado, el cual no podía usucapirse ni edificarse).
Actio arbori bus caedendís. Acción del morador de un fundo, para exigir a su vecino el corte de ramajes o raíces que invaden aquél.

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LAS LIMITACIONES DE DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD
POR CAUSA DE VECINDAD. Actio aquae pluviae arcendae. Acción que compete al propietario de un fundo rústico, por alteración del curso natural de las aguas de lluvia efectuada por el vecino, cuando esas aguas puedan dañar dicho fundo. Tienden a restablecer las cosas a su estado anterior. Actio damni infecti. Acción que compete al vecino de un edificio que amenaza ruina, contra el propietario de éste, a efecto de obtener fianza contra los daños temidos (que podría ocasionar el edificio al derrumbarse), si el propietario se negase a repararlo. Actio novi operis. Acción que se ejercita contra el que se ha obligado a no ejecutar ninguna obra nueva que cambie las vistas o prive de luz al fundo de un vecino y falta a su palabra. Actio finium regundorum. Acción que compete a los propietarios de dos fundos linderos, para solicitar la determinación de limites (espacio de cinco pies, dos y medio a cada lado, el cual no podía usucapirse ni edificarse). Actio arbori bus caedendís. Acción del morador de un fundo, para exigir a su vecino el corte de ramajes o raíces que invaden aquél. POR CAUSA DE INTERÉS SOCIAL. Restricciones establecidas al dominio (propiedad), no en interés de vecino (privado), sino de la comunidad de su carácter de tal (público). Tales, la obliga

Annotation 3938839301388

LAS LIMITACIONES DE DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #limitaciones-derecho-de-propiedad

POR CAUSA DE INTERÉS SOCIAL.

Restricciones establecidas a la propiedad en interés de la comunidad (público). Tales, la obligación de dejar una calle o camino público al margen de los ríos y canales navegables, la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública etc. La expropiación es la facultad que tiene el Estado de privar a los particulares de bienes de su propiedad, por razones de interés y conveniencia públicos, En el derecho romano primitivo no existía; aparece en época de Justiniano.

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LAS LIMITACIONES DE DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD
edio a cada lado, el cual no podía usucapirse ni edificarse). Actio arbori bus caedendís. Acción del morador de un fundo, para exigir a su vecino el corte de ramajes o raíces que invaden aquél. POR CAUSA DE INTERÉS SOCIAL. Restricciones establecidas al dominio (propiedad), no en interés de vecino (privado), sino de la comunidad de su carácter de tal (público). Tales, la obligación de dejar una calle o camino público al margen de los ríos y canales navegables, la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública etc. La expropiación es la facultad que tiene el Estado de privar a los particulares de bienes de su propiedad, por razones de interés y conveniencia públicos, En el derecho romano primitivo no existía; aparece en época de Justiniano.

Annotation 3938841660684

LAS LIMITACIONES DE DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad #limitaciones-derecho-de-propiedad

Las limitaciones del derecho de propiedad podían ser:

LIMITACIONES POR CAUSA DE VECINDAD.
LIMITACIONES POR CAUSA DE INTERÉS SOCIAL.

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Annotation 3938845854988

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #three-levels-of-conflict

The two things a brand must communicate to position themselves as the guide are:

Empathy.
Authority

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STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.
Always position your customer as the hero and your brand as the guide. Always. If you don’t, you will die. Those who realize the epic story of life is not about them but actually about the people around them somehow win in the end. Yoda understands Luke’s dilemma and has mastered the skills Luke must develop if he is going to win the day. A guide expresses an understanding of the pain and frustration of their hero. The two things a brand must communicate to position themselves as the guide are: Empathy. Authority EMPATHY Clinton secured the election during a debate in which Bush gave a rambling answer to a young woman when she asked what the national debt meant to the average American. Clinton c

Annotation 3938848214284

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #three-levels-of-conflict

EMPATHY

Essence of empathy:

The three things every human being wants most are the essence of empathy:

To be seen,
To be heard,
To be understood.

A Toyota commercial inviting Toyota owners to engage their local Toyota service center: “We care about your Toyota.”

Empathetic statements start with words like:

“We understand how it feels to . . .”
“Nobody should have to experience . . .”
“Like you, we are frustrated by . . .”

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STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.
to win the day. A guide expresses an understanding of the pain and frustration of their hero. The two things a brand must communicate to position themselves as the guide are: Empathy. Authority EMPATHY Clinton secured the election during a debate in which Bush gave a rambling answer to a young woman when she asked what the national debt meant to the average American. Clinton countered Bush’s linear, cerebral answer by asking the woman if she knew anybody who’d lost their job. He asked whether it pained her that she had friends out of work, and when the woman said yes, he went on to explain how the national debt is tied to the well-being of every American, even her and her friends. That’s empathy. Essence of empathy: The three things every human being wants most are the essence of empathy: To be seen, To be heard, To beunderstood. A Toyota commercial inviting Toyota owners to engage their local Toyota service center: “We care about your Toyota.” Empathetic statements start with words like: “We understand how it feels to . . .” or “Nobody should have to experience . . .” or “Like you, we are frustrated by . . .” or, Commonality, whether taste in music or shared values, is a powerful marketing tool. The human brain likes to conserve calories, and so when a customer realizes they have a lot in common with a brand, they fill in all the unknown nuances with trust. Customers batch their thinking, meaning they’re thinking in “chunks” rather than details. AUTHORITY People ask theirselves two questions subconsciously when meeting someone new: “Can I trust this person?” and “Can I respect this person?” Authority really means competence. As

Annotation 3938852146444

STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.

#a-character #comunicacion #marketing #principle-2-internal-and-external-problems #story-brand #three-levels-of-conflict

AUTHORITY

People ask theirselves two questions subconsciously when meeting someone new:

“Can I trust this person?” and
“Can I respect this person?”

Statistics

A simple statement like the e-mail marketing platform Infusionsoft’s “125,000 users trust [our] award-winning automation software” is all your potential customer needs. For B2B product or service, place logos of known businesses you’ve worked with in your marketing collateral.

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STORYBRAND PRINCIPLE THREE: CUSTOMERS AREN’T LOOKING FOR ANOTHER HERO; THEY’RE LOOKING FOR A GUIDE.
tomer realizes they have a lot in common with a brand, they fill in all the unknown nuances with trust. Customers batch their thinking, meaning they’re thinking in “chunks” rather than details. AUTHORITY People ask theirselves two questions subconsciously when meeting someone new: “Can I trust this person?” and “Can I respect this person?” Authority really means competence. As customers view our websites, commercials, or e-mails, they simply want to check off a box in the back of their minds that gives them confidence in our ability to help them. Testimonials give potential customers the gift of going second. Three testimonials is enough. It won’t take long for a customer to trust you, so keep a testimonial brief. It won’t take long for a customer to trust you, so keep a testimonial brief. Statistics A simple statement like the e-mail marketing platform Infusionsoft’s “125,000 users trust [our] award-winning automation software”6 is all your potential customer needs. For B2B product or service, place logos of known businesses you’ve worked with in your marketing collateral.

Annotation 3938855816460

EL MERCANTILISMO

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho

Pensadores

Estas ideas mercantilistas se constituyeron, no sólo en Portugal y España, sino además en Francia, Inglaterra, y Alemania entre los principales países.

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C).- El Mercantilismo:
Pensadores Estas ideas mercantilistas se constituyeron, no sólo en Portugal y España, sino además en Francia, Inglaterra, y Alemania entre los principales países. España y Portugal: Olivares, Santis-Ortiz y Antonio Serra fueron los principales defensores de las prácticas mercantilistas que allí se subdenominan Bullonismo.

Annotation 3938858175756

C). El Mercantilismo

#1a-unidad-conceptos-fundamentales #2-reseña-historica-economia-como-ciencia #Economia-y-Derecho

Pensadores en España y Portugal:

Olivares
Santis-Ortiz y
Antonio Serra

Fueron los principales defensores de las prácticas mercantilistas que allí se subdenominan Bullonismo.

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Annotation 3938860797196

#3ra-unidad-bases-constitucionales-en-materia-economica #Economia-y-Derecho

Derecho Constitucional en el Ámbito Económico.

Artículos 25, 26, 27, 28, 73 y 123

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“BASES CONSTITUCIONALES EN MATERIA ECONOMICA”
Derecho Constitucional en el Ámbito Económico. Artículos 25, 26, 27, 28, 73 y 123 Teoría del Ingreso Clasificación General del Ingreso Impuestos Federales Estatales Impacto Venta de productos y Servicios Productos Derechos Aprovechamientos Teoría del Gasto y deuda Pú

Annotation 3938862370060

“BASES CONSTITUCIONALES EN MATERIA ECONOMICA”

#3ra-unidad-bases-constitucionales-en-materia-economica #Economia-y-Derecho

Teoría del Ingreso

Clasificación General del Ingreso
Impuestos
1. Federales
2. Estatales
3. Impacto
Venta de productos y Servicios
1. Productos
2. Derechos
3. Aprovechamientos

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Annotation 3938866302220

“BASES CONSTITUCIONALES EN MATERIA ECONOMICA”

#3ra-unidad-bases-constitucionales-en-materia-economica #Economia-y-Derecho

Teoría del Gasto y deuda Pública

Efecto Multiplicador
Efecto Acelerador
Componentes de la deuda
Impacto Económico y situación actual
Límites de la deuda pública, jurídica y social

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“BASES CONSTITUCIONALES EN MATERIA ECONOMICA”
Artículos 25, 26, 27, 28, 73 y 123 Teoría del Ingreso Clasificación General del Ingreso Impuestos Federales Estatales Impacto Venta de productos y Servicios Productos Derechos Aprovechamientos Teoría del Gasto y deuda Pública Efecto Multiplicador Efecto Acelerador Componentes de la deuda Impacto Económico y situación actual Límites de la deuda pública, jurídica y social

Annotation 3939418115340

La Propiedad

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad

CONCEPTO DE PROPIEDAD.

Señorío (dominio) que se tiene sobre una cosa. Es el derecho más completo y extenso que puede ejercerse sobre una cosa corporal.

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Annotation 3939510652172

La Propiedad

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad

Como consecuencia de su casi ilimitada amplitud, el propietario tiene derecho de:

Usus. Facultad de servirse de la cosa y obtener los beneficios provenientes de ese uso.
Fructus. Derecho de recoger los frutos que la cosa produzca.
Abusus. Derecho de consumir la cosa y disponer de ella en forma absoluta inclusive destruirla o enajenarla.

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Open it
CONCEPTO. Señorío (dominio) que se tiene sobre una cosa. Es el derecho más completo y extenso que puede ejercerse sobre una cosa corporal. CONTENIDO. Como consecuencia de su casi ilimitada amplitud, el propietario tiene derecho de: Usus. Facultad de servirse de la cosa y obtener los beneficios provenientes de ese uso. Fructus. Derecho de recoger los frutos que la cosa produzca. Abusus. Derecho de consumir la cosa y disponer de ella en forma absoluta inclusive destruirla o enajenarla. CARACTERES. Es exclusivo, pues corresponde al propietario, con exclusión de toda otra persona. Es perpetuo, pues se mantiene mientras viva el propietario, pasando a la muerte de éste a

Annotation 3939604237580

#Derecho-Romano #la-propiedad

CARACTERES.

Es exclusivo, pues corresponde al propietario, con exclusión de toda otra persona.
Es perpetuo, pues se mantiene mientras viva el propietario, pasando a la muerte de éste a sus herederos

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Open it
provenientes de ese uso. Fructus. Derecho de recoger los frutos que la cosa produzca. Abusus. Derecho de consumir la cosa y disponer de ella en forma absoluta inclusive destruirla o enajenarla. CARACTERES. Es exclusivo, pues corresponde al propietario, con exclusión de toda otra persona. Es perpetuo, pues se mantiene mientras viva el propietario, pasando a la muerte de éste a sus herederos.

Annotation 3944829816076

Cash Budgeting

#corporate-finance #working-capital-management

CFO's forecast future sources and uses of cash. These forecasts serve two purposes:

Alert the financial manager to future cash needs.
Provide a standard, or budget, against which subsequent performance can be judged.

There are several ways to produce a quarterly cash budget. Many large firms have developed elaborate “corporate models”; others use a spreadsheet program to plan their cash needs. The procedures of smaller firms may be less formal.

No matter what method is chosen, there are three common steps to preparing a cash budget:

Forecast the sources of cash. The largest inflow of cash comes from payments by the firm’s customers.
Forecast uses of cash.
Calculate whether the firm is facing a cash shortage or surplus.

The financial plan sets out a strategy for investing cash surpluses or financing any deficit.

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Annotation 3944832437516

Why do firms need to invest in net working capital?

#corporate-finance #working-capital-management

Short-term financial planning is concerned with the management of the firm’s short-term, or current, assets and liabilities. The most important current assets are cash, marketable securities, inventory, and accounts receivable. The most important current liabilities are bank loans and accounts payable. The difference between current assets and current liabilities is called net working capital.

Net working capital arises from lags between the time the firm obtains the raw materials for its product and the time it finally collects its bills from customers. The cash conversion cycle is the length of time between the firm’s payment for materials and the date that it gets paid by its customers. The cash conversion cycle is partly within management’s control. For example, it can choose to have a higher or lower level of inventories. Management needs to trade off the benefits and costs of investing in current assets. Higher investments in current assets entail higher carrying costs but lower expected shortage costs.

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Edited, memorised or added to reading queue

on 14-Mar-2019 (Thu)

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